Editing Lithium carbonate (section)

====Health risks====

Taking [[lithium salts]] has risks and side effects.  Extended use of lithium to treat mental disorders has been known to lead to acquired [[nephrogenic diabetes insipidus]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Richard T. Timmer |author2=Jeff M. Sands |url=http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/3/666.short |title=Lithium Intoxication |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |date=1999-03-01 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=666–674 |doi=10.1681/ASN.V103666 |pmid=10073618 |access-date=2017-01-02 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108195724/http://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/10/3/666.short |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Lithium [[Substance intoxication|intoxication]] can affect the [[central nervous system]] and [[renal system]] and can be lethal.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1001/archinte.149.1.36|last1=Simard|pmid=2492186|first1=M|year=1989|pages=36–46|issue=1|last2=Gumbiner|volume=149|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|first2=B|last3=Lee|first3=A|last4=Lewis|first4=H|last5=Norman|first5=D|title=Lithium carbonate intoxication. A case report and review of the literature|url=http://archinte.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/149/1/36.pdf|access-date=2010-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151128/http://archinte.highwire.org/cgi/reprint/149/1/36.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-26}}</ref> Over a prolonged period, lithium can accumulate in the [[Collecting duct system#Principal cells|principal cells]] of the collecting duct and interfere with [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH), which regulates the water permeability of principal cells in the collecting tubule.<ref name=UpToDateRenalToxicity>{{cite web|last=Lerma|first=Edgar V.|title=Renal toxicity of lithium|work=[[UpToDate]]|access-date=8 March 2022|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/renal-toxicity-of-lithium|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308205106/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/renal-toxicity-of-lithium|url-status=live}}</ref> The medullary interstitium of the [[collecting duct system]] naturally has a high sodium concentration and attempts to maintain it. There is no known mechanism for cells to distinguish lithium ions from sodium ions, so damage to the [[kidney]]'s [[nephron]]s may occur if lithium concentrations become too high as a result of [[dehydration]], [[hyponatremia]], an unusually [[low sodium diet]], or certain drugs.