Editing Lithography (section)

==Lithography as an artistic medium==
{{Further|List of printmakers}}
[[File:Bothwell Castle (Litography, 1833).jpg|thumb|Lithographic image of [[Bothwell Castle]] from 1833]]
During the early years of the 19th century, lithography had only a limited effect on [[printmaking]], mainly because technical difficulties remained to be overcome. Germany was the main center of production in this period. [[Godefroy Engelmann]], who moved his press from [[Mulhouse]] to Paris in 1816, largely succeeded in resolving the technical problems, and during the 1820s lithography was adopted by artists such as [[Eugène Delacroix|Delacroix]] and [[Géricault]]. After early experiments such as ''Specimens of Polyautography'' (1803),<ref>{{cite book| title=Specimens of Polyautography, Consisting of Impressions taken from Original Drawings, Made on Stone purposely for this Work | date=1803|  publisher=Philipp André| location=London|  url=http://primo.getty.edu/GRI:GETTY_ALMA21118663020001551}}</ref> which had experimental works by  a number of British artists including [[Benjamin West]], [[Henry Fuseli]], [[James Barry (painter)|James Barry]], [[Thomas Barker of Bath]], [[Thomas Stothard]], [[Henry Greville, 3rd Earl of Warwick|Henry Richard Greville]], [[Richard Cooper Jr.|Richard Cooper]], [[Henry Singleton (painter)|Henry Singleton]], and [[William Henry Pyne]], London also became a center, and some of Géricault's prints were in fact produced there. [[Francisco Goya|Goya]] in Bordeaux produced his last series of prints by lithography—''The Bulls of Bordeaux'' of 1828. By the mid-century the initial enthusiasm had somewhat diminished in both countries, although the use of lithography was increasingly favored for commercial applications, which included the prints of [[Honoré Daumier|Daumier]], published in newspapers. [[Rodolphe Bresdin]] and [[Jean-François Millet]] also continued to practice the medium in France, and [[Adolph Menzel]] in Germany. In 1862 the publisher Cadart tried to initiate a portfolio of lithographs by various artists, which was not successful but included several prints by [[Manet]]. The revival began during the 1870s, especially in France with artists such as [[Odilon Redon]], [[Henri Fantin-Latour]] and [[Degas]] producing much of their work in this manner. The need for strictly limited [[edition (printmaking)|edition]]s to maintain the price had now been realized, and the medium became more accepted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huyser-Honig |first=Steven |date=2024-10-01 |title=The Pros and Cons of Limited Editions |url=https://www.grandrivergiclee.com/the-pros-and-cons-of-limited-editions/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Grand River Giclée |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=4 Things to Know About Limited Editions |url=https://medium.com/@Emergeast/4-things-to-know-about-limited-editions-2d6c802d5aeb |access-date=March 20, 2025 |website=medium.com}}</ref>

In the 1890s, color lithography gained success in part by the emergence of [[Jules Chéret]], known as the ''father of the modern poster'', whose work went on to inspire a new generation of poster designers and painters, most notably [[Toulouse-Lautrec]], and former student of Chéret, [[Georges de Feure]]. By 1900 the medium in both color and monotone was an accepted part of printmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-29 |title=Lithography {{!}} History, Process & Applications {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/lithography |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the 20th century, a group of artists, including [[Georges Braque|Braque]], [[Alexander Calder|Calder]], [[Chagall]], [[Raoul Dufy|Dufy]], [[Fernand Léger|Léger]], [[Matisse]], [[Joan Miró|Miró]], and [[Picasso]], rediscovered the largely undeveloped artform of lithography thanks to the [[Mourlot Studios]], also known as ''Atelier Mourlot'', a Parisian printshop founded in 1852 by the Mourlot family. The Atelier Mourlot originally specialized in the printing of wallpaper; but it was transformed when the founder's grandson, [[Fernand Mourlot]], invited a number of 20th-century artists to explore the complexities of fine art printing. Mourlot encouraged the painters to work directly on lithographic stones in order to create original artworks that could then be executed under the direction of master printers in small editions. The combination of modern artist and master printer resulted in lithographs that were used as posters to promote the artists' work.<ref>[http://www.fiaf.org/laboutique/mourlot History of 20th century lithography by Picasso, Matisse, Chagall, Braque, Leger at Atelier Mourlot, French Institute Alliance Française] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723085822/http://www.fiaf.org/laboutique/mourlot |date=July 23, 2012 }}</ref><ref>Mourlot, Fernand. ''Twentieth Century Posters.'' Wellfleet Press: Secaucus, New Jersey, 1989 {{ISBN|1555213855}}</ref>

[[Grant Wood]], [[George Bellows]], [[Alphonse Mucha]], [[Max Kahn]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Eleanor Coen]], [[Jasper Johns]], [[David Hockney]], [[Susan Dorothea White]], and [[Robert Rauschenberg]] are a few of the artists who have produced most of their prints in the medium. [[M. C. Escher]] is considered a master of lithography, and many of his prints were created using this process. More than other printmaking techniques, [[printmaker]]s in lithography still largely depend on access to good [[Printer (publishing)|printer]]s, and the development of the medium has been greatly influenced by when and where these have been established.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} An American scene for lithography was founded by [[Robert Blackburn (artist)|Robert Blackburn]] in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Master Printmaker Robert Blackburn Honored in Exhibition at Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-03-004/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref>

As a special form of lithography, the serilith or '''seriolithograph''' is a mixed-media original print that combines both lithography and [[serigraphy]] (screen printing). In this technique, the artist hand-draws the separations for each process, ensuring a high level of craftsmanship. Seriliths are typically produced as limited-edition fine art prints and are published by artists and publishers around the world. They are widely recognized and collected within the art community. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrysideart.com/serigraphy.htm|title=What is a Serilith?|access-date=2007-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109132626/http://countrysideart.com/serigraphy.htm|archive-date=2007-11-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>