Editing Lloyds Bank (section)

===Expansion===
Through a series of mergers, including [[Cunliffe, Brooks]] in 1900, the Wilts. and Dorset Bank in 1914 and, by far the largest, the [[Capital and Counties Bank]] in 1918, Lloyds emerged to become one of the "Big Four" clearing banks in the United Kingdom. By 1923, Lloyds Bank had made some 50 takeovers, one of which was the last private firm to issue its own banknotes—[[Fox, Fowler and Company]] of Wellington, Somerset. Today, the [[Bank of England]] has a monopoly of banknote issue in England and Wales.<ref>[http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/about/history.htm A brief history of banknotes] Bank of England (retrieved 11 October 2008)</ref> In 2011, the company founded SGH Martineau LLP.

Eleven banks bought by Lloyds Bank between 1865 and 1923 had been involved in [[slavery]] to some degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/who-we-are/our-heritage/lloyds-bank.html |title=The history of Lloyds Bank |website=Lloyds Banking Group |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref> One of these, the London and Brazilian Bank, financed coffee plantations in [[Empire of Brazil|Brazil]] which operated on [[Slavery in Brazil|slave labour]], and mortgages on these plantations were sometimes secured using the monetary value of the enslaved people as collateral.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mulhern |first=Joe |date=1 July 2020 |title=Human collateral: British banking's long-neglected connection with slavery in Brazil |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/latamcaribbean/2020/07/01/human-collateral-british-bankings-long-neglected-connection-with-slavery-in-brazil/ |work=London School of Economics |location=London |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref>

In 1968, an attempt to merge with [[Barclays]] and [[Martins Bank]] failed because the [[Monopolies and Mergers Commission]] deemed it to be against the public interest. Barclays finally acquired Martins the following year.<ref>Roskill QC, Sir Ashton (chairman) ''Barclays Bank, Lloyds Bank and Martins Bank: a report on the proposed merger'' ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119180200/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/046c01.pdf Chapter 1]}}, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119202824/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/046c02.pdf Chapter 2]}} and {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118144206/http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1960_1969/fulltext/046appendices.pdf Appendices]}}) Presented to Parliament in pursuance of section 9 of the Monopolies and Restrictive Practices (Inquiry and Control) Act 1948 (as applied by section 6(5) of the Monopolies and Mergers Act 1965) London: HMSO, 15 July 1968</ref> In 1972, Lloyds Bank was a founding member of the Joint Credit Card Company (with [[National Westminster Bank]], [[Midland Bank]] and the [[National Commercial Bank of Scotland|National and Commercial Banking Group]]) which launched the [[Access (credit card)|Access]] [[credit card]] (now [[MasterCard]]). That same year it introduced ''Cashpoint'', the first online cash machine to use plastic cards with a magnetic stripe.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.apacs.org.uk/payment_options/documents/Plastic%20Cards%20_%20History%20of%20Plastic%20Cards%20in%20the%20UK%20v1.pdf
|title=History of Plastic Cards
|publisher=The Association for Payment Clearing Services
|access-date=26 April 2014
|archive-date=28 January 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060128110430/http://www.apacs.org.uk/payment_options/documents/Plastic%20Cards%20_%20History%20of%20Plastic%20Cards%20in%20the%20UK%20v1.pdf }}</ref> In popular use, the ''Cashpoint'' [[trademark]] has become a generic term for an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] in the United Kingdom.

In 1982 Lloyds decided to follow [[Provident Financial|Provident Financial Group plc]]<ref name="Cases">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ennew |editor1-first=Christine |title=Cases in Marketing Financial Services |date=1993 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann on behalf of the Chartered Institute of Marketing |location=Oxford |isbn=0750606614 |pages=196–200}}</ref> in entering the estate agency market with the acquisition of the Norfolk firm of Charles Hawkins and Son in May of that year to form Black Horse Agencies.<ref name="Transactions1">{{cite journal |last1=Thrift, N, Leyshon, A, Rutherford, T, Williams, P & Beaverstock, J |title=Moving houses: the geographical reorganisation of the estate agency industry in England and Wales in the 1980s |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |date=1992 |volume=17 |page=171 |publisher=The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)}}</ref> The firm had been first established in 1869 in Downham Market by Charles Hawkins who was land agent for the Pratt estate at Ryston. The firm merged in 1875 with that of Cruso and Son forming Cruso and Hawkins, later becoming Charles Hawkins and Son in 1908.<ref name="NRO1">{{cite web |last1=Norfolk Record Office |title=BR 263 – Charles Hawkins and Sons of King's Lynn and Downham Market, Chartered Surveyors, Auctioneers, Valuers and Land Agents |url=http://nrocat.norfolk.gov.uk |website=NROCAT |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>

Under the leadership of Sir Brian Pitman between 1984 and 1997, the bank became an early adopter of [[shareholder value]] creation as a governing corporate objective.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Kilroy|first1=Denis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GjUyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|title=Customer Value, Shareholder Wealth, Community Wellbeing: A Roadmap for Companies and Investors|last2=Schneider|first2=Marvin|publisher=Springer|year=2017|isbn=9783319547749|pages=4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Pitman|first=Brian|date=1 April 2003|title=Leading for Value|work=Harvard Business Review|issue=April 2003|url=https://hbr.org/2003/04/leading-for-value|access-date=23 August 2020|issn=0017-8012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Arnold|first1=Glen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKpWAAAAYAAJ&q=marakon+mctaggart|title=Value-based Management: Context and Application|last2=Davies|first2=Matt|publisher=Wiley|year=2000|isbn=9780471899860|pages=184–194|language=en|quote=There was a further development in 1992 when the company hired the services of the strategy consultants Marakon Associates (McTaggart et al., 1994) and started a more serious and disciplined approach to VBM. It was at this time that the concept of economic profit was introduced to Lloyds managers.}}</ref> The bank's business focus was narrowed and it reacted to disastrous lending to South American states by trimming its overseas businesses and seeking growth through mergers with other UK banks. During this period, Pitman tried unsuccessfully to acquire [[The Royal Bank of Scotland]] in 1984, [[Standard Chartered]] in 1986,<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE1DF113DF93BA15755C0A960948260 Offer Sweetened By Lloyds Bank] ''The New York Times'', 28 June 1986</ref> and Midland Bank in 1992. Lloyds Bank International merged into Lloyds Bank in 1986, since there was no longer an advantage in operating separately.<ref name="Lloyds Bank p. 9">Lloyds Bank (Merger) Act 1985 (c. ix)</ref> In 1988, Lloyds merged five of its businesses with the [[Abbey Life|Abbey Life Insurance Company]] to create Lloyds Abbey Life.