Editing Loanword (section)

==Languages other than English==
===Transmission in the Ottoman Empire===
[[File:Backgammon and Dominos numbers in Ottoman Turkish, 1907.jpg|thumb|Backgammon and Dominos numbers in Ottoman Turkish, 1907 (see [[Tables game#Languages]])]]
During more than 600 years of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the literary and administrative language of the empire was [[Turkish language|Turkish]], with many [[Persian (language)|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] loanwords, called [[Ottoman Turkish]], considerably differing from the everyday spoken Turkish of the time. Many such words were adopted by other languages of the empire, such as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Croatian language|Croatian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]. After the empire fell after [[World War I]] and the [[Republic of Turkey]] was founded, the Turkish language underwent an extensive [[language reform]] led by the newly founded [[Turkish Language Association]], during which [[List of replaced loanwords in Turkish|many adopted words]] were replaced with new formations derived from [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] roots. That was part of the ongoing cultural reform of the time, in turn a part in the broader framework of [[Atatürk's Reforms]], which also included the introduction of the new [[Turkish alphabet]].

Turkish also has taken many words from [[French (language)|French]], such as ''pantolon'' for ''trousers'' (from French ''pantalon'') and ''komik'' for ''funny'' (from French ''comique''), most of them pronounced very similarly.

Word usage in modern Turkey has acquired a political tinge: [[right-wing]] publications tend to use more Arabic-originated words, [[left-wing]] publications use more words adopted from Indo-European languages such as Persian and French, while centrist publications use more native Turkish root words.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|place=London|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-925669-3}}</ref>

===Dutch words in Indonesian===
Almost 350 years of Dutch presence in what is now [[Indonesia]] have left significant linguistic traces. Though very few Indonesians have a fluent knowledge of Dutch, the Indonesian language inherited many words from Dutch, both in words for everyday life (e.g., ''[[wikt:buncis|buncis]]'' from Dutch ''[[wikt:boontjes|boontjes]]'' for (green) beans) and as well in administrative, scientific or technological terminology (e.g., ''[[wikt:kantor|kantor]]'' from Dutch ''[[wikt:kantoor|kantoor]]'' for office).<ref>Sneddon (2003), p.162.</ref> The Professor of Indonesian Literature at [[Leiden University]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Hendrik Maier |url=https://idwriters.com/authors/hendrik-maier/ |website=IDWRITERS |access-date=10 October 2021 |date=26 April 2017}}</ref> and of Comparative Literature at [[University of California, Riverside|UCR]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=UCR |last2=Department of Comparative Literature and Languages |title=Faculty: Hendrik Maier |url=https://complitlang.ucr.edu/people/faculty/maier/ |website=UCR Faculty |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> argues that roughly 20% of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] words can be traced back to Dutch words.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://repositories.cdlib.org/ies/050208/ |title=A Hidden Language – Dutch in Indonesia |website=UC Berkeley: Institute of European Studies |via=eScholarship |date=8 February 2005 |access-date=29 March 2015|last1=Maier |first1=Hendrik M. }}</ref>

===Dutch words in Russian===
In the late 17th century, the [[Dutch Republic]] had a leading position in shipbuilding. Czar [[Peter the Great]], eager to improve his navy, studied shipbuilding in [[Zaandam]] and [[Amsterdam]]. Many Dutch naval terms have been incorporated in the Russian vocabulary, such as [[wikt:бра́мсель|бра́мсель]] (''brámselʹ'') from Dutch {{Lang|nl|bramzeil}} for the [[topgallant sail]], [[wikt:домкра́т|домкра́т]] (''domkrát'') from Dutch ''[[wikt:dommekracht|dommekracht]]'' for [[jack (device)|jack]], and [[wikt:матро́с|матро́с]] (''matrós'') from Dutch ''[[wikt:matroos#Dutch|matroos]]'' for sailor.

===Romance languages===
A large percentage of the lexicon of [[Romance languages]], themselves descended from [[Vulgar Latin]], consists of loanwords (later [[wikt:learned borrowing|learned or scholarly borrowings]]) from Latin. These words can be distinguished by lack of typical sound changes and other transformations found in descended words, or by meanings taken directly from [[Classical Latin|Classical]] or [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] that did not evolve or change over time as expected; in addition, there are also semi-learned terms which were adapted partially to the Romance language's character. Latin borrowings can be known by several names in Romance languages: in French, for example, they are usually referred to as {{Lang|fr|mots savants}}, in Spanish as {{Lang|es|cultismos}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aliso.pntic.mec.es/agalle17/latin/verba/definiciones.pdf|title=Definiciones de Cultismo, Semicultismo y Palabra Patrimonial|author=Ángel Luis Gallego Real}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtxywY_6g4UC&q=semi+cultismos&pg=PA150|title=The Romance Languages|first=Rebecca|last=Posner|date=5 September 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9780521281393}}</ref> and in Italian as {{Lang|it|latinismi}}.

Latin is usually the most common source of loanwords in these languages, such as in Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc.,<ref>{{cite journal|title=On the Genealogical Structure of the Spanish Vocabulary|first=William T.|last=Patterson|date=1 January 1968|journal=Word|volume=24|issue=1–3|pages=309–339|doi=10.1080/00437956.1968.11435535|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ulaval.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/HIST_FR_s92_Emprunts.htm#3._Lapport_des_langues_anciennes_au_fran%C3%A7ais_|title=Chjapitre 10: Histoire du français - Les emprunts et la langue française|website=axl.cefan.ulaval.ca}}</ref> and in some cases the total number of loans may even outnumber inherited terms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/|title=Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales|website=cnrtl.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/157203089/Diccionario-Critico-Etimologico-castellano-A-CA-Corominas-Joan-pdf |title=Diccionario Critico Etimologico castellano A-CA - Corominas, Joan.PDF |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=29 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729050841/https://www.scribd.com/document/157203089/Diccionario-Critico-Etimologico-castellano-A-CA-Corominas-Joan-pdf }}</ref> (although the learned borrowings are less often used in common speech, with the most common vocabulary being of inherited, orally transmitted origin from Vulgar Latin). This has led to many cases of etymological [[Doublet (linguistics)|doublets]] in these languages.

For most Romance languages, these loans were initiated by scholars, clergy, or other learned people and occurred in medieval times, peaking in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance era<ref name="ulaval.ca"/>- in Italian, the 14th century had the highest number of loans.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} In the case of Romanian, the language underwent a "re-Latinization" process later than the others (see [[Romanian lexis]], {{section link|Romanian language|French, Italian, and English loanwords}}), in the 18th and 19th centuries, partially using French and Italian words (many of these themselves being earlier borrowings from Latin) as intermediaries,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dex.ro/|title=dex.ro - Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române|website=dex.ro}}</ref> in an effort to modernize the language, often adding concepts that did not exist until then, or replacing words of other origins. These common borrowings and features also essentially serve to raise mutual intelligibility of the Romance languages, particularly in academic/scholarly, literary, technical, and scientific domains. Many of these same words are also found in English (through its numerous borrowings from Latin and French) and other European languages.

In addition to Latin loanwords, many words of Ancient Greek origin were also borrowed into Romance languages, often in part through scholarly Latin intermediates, and these also often pertained to academic, scientific, literary, and technical topics. Furthermore, to a lesser extent, Romance languages borrowed from a variety of other languages; in particular English has become an important source in more recent times. The study of the origin of these words and their function and context within the language can illuminate some important aspects and characteristics of the language, and it can reveal insights on the phenomenon of lexical borrowing in linguistics as a method of enriching a language.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.e-periodica.ch/cntmng?pid=rlr-001:1969:33::530|title=Loan-words and lexical borrowing in Romance|author=K.A. Goddard|journal=Revue de linguistique romane|year=1969}}</ref>