Editing Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (section)

===Production and procurement===
The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3&nbsp;billion and procurement cost of $26.2&nbsp;billion in FY 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994 and service entry in the mid-to-late 1990s. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review (MAR) led by [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] [[Dick Cheney]] reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996 and service entry in the early-to-mid 2000s. After the end of the Cold War, this was further curtailed to 442 in the 1993 Bottom-Up Review while the USAF eventually set its requirement to 381 to support its [[Air Expeditionary Force]] structure with the last deliveries in 2013. Throughout development and production, the program was continually scrutinized for its costs and less expensive alternatives such as modernized F-15 or F-16 variants were being proposed, even though the USAF considered the F-22 to provide the greatest capability increase against peer adversaries for the investment.<ref>Aronstein and Hirschberg 1998, pp. 246–256.</ref> However, funding instability had reduced the total to 339 by 1997 and production was nearly halted by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in 1999.{{refn|group=N|Another reason other than funding issues, the F-22’s superior combat capability, has been attributed to cuts to F-22 purchases. In 1997, Defense Secretary [[William Cohen]], for example, cited this as a reason for that year's Quadrennial Defense Review’s (QDR) proposed reduction to 341 aircraft.{{sfn|Bolkcom|2007|p=8}}}} Although funds were eventually restored, the planned number continued to decline due to delays and cost overruns during EMD, slipping to 277 by 2003.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wilson |first=George |url=https://www.govexec.com/federal-news/1999/09/senate-proposes-deal-to-continue-f-22-funding/4463/ |title=Senate proposes deal to continue F-22 funding |work=Government Executive |date=23 September 1999}}</ref><ref name="Williams p.22">{{harvnb|Williams|2002|p=22.}}</ref> In 2004, with its focus on asymmetric [[counterinsurgency]] warfare in [[Iraq War|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]], the DoD under Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] further cut procurement to 183 production aircraft, despite the USAF's requirement for 381;<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grant |first=Rebecca |url=https://secure.afa.org/Mitchell/presentations/091608LosingAirDominance_tnx.pdf |title=Losing Air Dominance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002211600/https://secure.afa.org/Mitchell/Presentations/091608LosingAirDominance_tnx.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2013 |magazine=Air Force Magazine |date=December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hedgpeth |first=Dana |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703172.html |title=Air Force Pares Request for Additional Lockheed F-22s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703115719/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703172.html |archive-date=3 July 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 February 2009}}</ref> funding for this number was reached by a multi-year procurement contract awarded in 2006, with aircraft distributed to seven combat squadrons; total program cost was projected to be $62&nbsp;billion (equivalent to approximately ${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=62000000000|start_year=2006}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}).<ref name="afpn_20060623_ad">{{cite web |last=Lopez |first=C. T. |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/130616/f-22-excels-at-establishing-air-dominance/ |title=F-22 excels at establishing air dominance |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425023455/http://www.af.mil/News/ArticleDisplay/tabid/223/Article/130616/f-22-excels-at-establishing-air-dominance.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2016 |work=U.S. Air Force |url-status=live |date=23 June 2006}}</ref> In 2008, the Congressional defense spending bill raised the number to 187.<ref>{{cite web |last=Trimble |first=Stephen |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-congress-passes-4877-defence-spending-bill-slashes-aircraft-316459/ |title=US Congress passes $487.7 defence spending bill, slashes aircraft |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419133412/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-congress-passes-4877-defence-spending-bill-slashes-aircraft-316459/ |archive-date=19 April 2013 |work=FlightGlobal |date=24 September 2008 |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolf |first=Jim |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lockheed-raptor-idUSTRE4AB8ZV20081112 |title=Pentagon OKs funds to preserve F-22 line |work=Reuters |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=27 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019012554/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/12/us-lockheed-raptor-idUSTRE4AB8ZV20081112 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

F-22 production would support over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers from 46 states and up to 95,000 jobs, and spanned 15 years at a peak rate of roughly two airplanes per month, about half of the initially planned rate from the 1990 MAR; after EMD aircraft contracts, the first production lot was awarded in September 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Fred |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2212034/ |title=The Air Force tries to save a fighter plane that's never seen battle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021155541/http://www.slate.com/id/2212034/ |archive-date=21 October 2010 |work=Slate |date=24 February 2009 |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brumby |first1=Otis |first2=Bill |last2=Kinney |first3=Joe |last3=Kirby |url=http://mdjonline.com/view/full_story/13886238/article-As-the-F-35-program-revs-up---the-F-22-ramps-down?instance=special |title=Around Town: As the F-35 program revs up the F-22 ramps down |work=The Marietta Daily Journal |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=31 August 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711122957/http://mdjonline.com/view/full_story/13886238/article-As-the-F-35-program-revs-up---the-F-22-ramps-down?instance=special |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Barnes |first=Julian E. |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-feb-11-fi-jets11-story.html |title=Lockheed lobbies for F-22 production on job grounds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914190636/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/11/business/fi-jets11 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |work=Los Angeles Times | url-status=live |date=11 February 2009}}</ref> As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost was estimated to be about $67.3&nbsp;billion (about $360&nbsp;million for each production aircraft delivered), with $32.4&nbsp;billion spent on Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9&nbsp;billion on procurement and military construction in then year dollars. The [[marginal cost|incremental cost]] for an additional F-22 was estimated at $138&nbsp;million (equivalent to approximately ${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=138000000|start_year=2009}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) in 2009.<ref name="usaf_fy2009_budget">[https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY09/AFD-080204-081.pdf?ver=2016-08-22-141541-383 "FY 2009 Budget Estimates"], pp. 1–13. [https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/FY09/AFD-080204-081.pdf?ver=2016-08-22-141541-383] U.S. Air Force, February 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2009.</ref><ref name="f22_sar2010">"Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) – F-22, RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823–265". Department of Defense, 31 December 2010. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</ref>

In total, 195 F-22s were built. The first two were EMD aircraft in the [[Block number|Block]] 1.0{{refn|Block number designates production variation groups.|group=N}} configuration for initial flight testing and envelope expansion, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to represent the internal structure of production airframes and enabled it to test full flight loads. Six more EMD aircraft were built in the Block 10 configuration for development and upgrade testing, with the last two considered essentially production-quality jets. Production for operational squadrons consisted of 74 Block 10/20 training aircraft and 112 Block 30/35 combat aircraft for a total of 186 (or 187 when accounting for Production Representative Test Vehicles and certain EMD jets);<ref group=N name="EMD"/> one of the Block 30 aircraft is dedicated to flight sciences at Edwards AFB.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dau.mil/cop/pbl/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/PBL%20Award%20Pkg%202008%20System%20F%2022.pdf |title=PBL Award Pkg 2008 System F-22 |publisher=Defense Acquisition University |access-date=5 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044703/https://www.dau.mil/cop/pbl/DAU%20Sponsored%20Documents/PBL%20Award%20Pkg%202008%20System%20F%2022.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/f22_1.html |title=Lockheed Martin F/A-22 Raptor |work=Joe Baugher |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123223026/http://joebaugher.com/usaf_fighters/f22_1.html |archive-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> By 2020, Block 20 aircraft from Lot 3 onward were upgraded to Block 30 standards under the Common Configuration Plan, increasing the Block 30/35 fleet to 149 aircraft while 37 remained in the Block 20 configuration for training.{{refn|The combat-coded fleet consist of 123 primary and 20 reserve airframes, while several Block 30 aircraft are devoted to operational testing and tactics development at Nellis AFB.<ref name="Scorpion2013">{{cite web |last=Majumdar |first=David |url=https://news.usni.org/2014/05/16/air-force-evaluating-new-targeting-monocle-f-22-raptor |title=Air Force Evaluating New Targeting Monocle for F-22 Raptor |work=USNI News |date=16 May 2014 |access-date=19 October 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019025635/https://news.usni.org/2014/05/16/air-force-evaluating-new-targeting-monocle-f-22-raptor |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=N}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Schanz |first=Marc V. |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0412raptor/ |title=Raptors for the long haul |magazine=Air Force Magazine |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811080213/https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0412raptor/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=costdata194>{{cite web |last=Drew |first=James |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-lawmakers-want-cost-data-for-building-194-more-f-424404/ |title=US lawmakers want cost data for building 194 more F-22s |work=FlightGlobal |date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418022456/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/us-lawmakers-want-cost-data-for-building-194-more-f-424404/ |archive-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>