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Lombard language
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=== In the modern era === [[File:Carlo Porta.jpg|thumb|Carlo Porta, the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature]] Milanese literature in the 18th century was quickly developing: some important names which emerged in that period include [[Domenico Balestrieri (writer)|Domenico Balestrieri]], who was associated the famous poet [[Giuseppe Parini]]. The latter wrote some compositions in the Lombard language.<ref name="anticacredenza">{{cite web|access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=6 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506201135/http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html |publisher=anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org |title=Letteratura milanese - Il '700 |url=http://www.anticacredenzasantambrogiomilano.org/linguastoria/7001.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 September 2017 |publisher=unicatt.it |title=Sistema bibliotecario e documentale |url=http://opac.unicatt.it/search~S13*ita?/cFONDO+Silvio+Cipriani-E-75/cfondo+silvio+cipriani+e+++++++75/-3,-1,,E/browse}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> One of the most important writers of the period was the Bergamo-based abbot [[Giuseppe Rottario|Giuseppe Rota]], author of a substantial (unpublished) Bergamo-Italian-Latin vocabulary and of several poetic works in the Orobic idiom, which he always called "lingua".<ref>Biondelli, Bernardino: ''Saggio sui dialetti gallo-italici'', Milano, 1853, pag. 106.</ref> In this period the linguistic characteristics of Lombard were well recognizable and comparable to the modern ones, except for some phonetic peculiarities and the presence of a remote past tense, replaced almost fully by the past perfect tense by 1875.<ref>{{cite web|archive-date=14 November 2023 |language=lmo |title=Il passato remoto in lombardo |trans-title=The remote past in Lombard |url=https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114162543/https://academiabonvesin.eu/2022/09/el-passad-lontan-in-lombard/ |url-status=dead}}<!-- auto-translated from unknown (Italian or Spanish) by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name="remoto">Biondelli reports that the Milanese dialect was the first Lombard variant to lose this verb tense. Biondelli, Bernardino: ''Saggio sui dialetti Gallo-italici'', 1853.</ref><ref name="veja">{{cite web|access-date=21 September 2017 |publisher=veja.it |title=La lingua padana o padanese |date=6 June 2012 |url=http://www.veja.it/2012/06/07/la-lingua-padana-o-padanese-prima-parte/}}<!-- auto-translated from Italian by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> The beginning of the 19th century was dominated by the figure of [[Carlo Porta]], recognized by many as the most important author of Lombard literature, also included among the greatest poets of Italian national literature. With him some of the highest peaks of expressiveness in the Lombard language were reached, which clearly emerged in works such as ''La Ninetta del Verzee, Desgrazzi de Giovannin Bongee'', ''La guerra di pret'' and ''Lament del Marchionn de gamb avert''.<ref name="porta"/> Milanese poetic production assumed such important dimensions that in 1815 the scholar [[Francesco Cherubini]] published an anthology of Lombard literature in four volumes, which included texts written from the seventeenth century to his day.<ref>{{Treccani|francesco-cherubini|Cherubini, Francesco}}</ref>
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