Editing Lorenz cipher (section)

==Operation==
[[File:Lorenz Cams.jpg|right|upright=1.35|thumbnail|Cams on wheels 9 and 10 showing their raised (active) and lowered (inactive) positions. An active cam reversed the value of a bit (0→1 and 1→0).]]
Each "Tunny" link had four SZ machines with a transmitting and a receiving teleprinter at each end. For enciphering and deciphering to work, the transmitting and receiving machines had to be set up identically. There were two components to this; setting the patterns of cams on the wheels and rotating the wheels for the start of enciphering a message. The cam settings were changed less frequently before summer 1944. The ''ψ'' wheel cams were initially only changed quarterly, but later monthly, the ''χ'' wheels were changed monthly but the motor wheel patterns were changed daily. From 1 August 1944, all wheel patterns were changed daily.<ref name = "GRoT11E14" >{{Harvnb|Good|Michie|Timms|1945|p=14}} of ''German Tunny''</ref>

Initially the wheel settings for a message were sent to the receiving end by means of a 12-letter [[Cryptanalysis#Indicator|indicator]] sent un-enciphered, the letters being associated with wheel positions in a book. In October 1942, this was changed to the use of a book of single-use settings in what was known as the QEP book. The last two digits of the QEP book entry were sent for the receiving operator to look up in his copy of the QEP book and set his machine's wheels. Each book contained one hundred or more combinations. Once all the combinations in a QEP book had been used it was replaced by a new one.{{sfn|Copeland|2006|p=45|loc="The German Tunny Machine"}} The message settings should never have been re-used, but on occasion they were, providing a "depth", which could be utilised by a cryptanalyst.<ref>{{Harvnb|Churchhouse|2002|p=34}}</ref>

As was normal telegraphy practice, messages of any length were keyed into a [[teleprinter]] with a [[Punched tape|paper tape]] perforator. The typical sequence of operations would be that the sending operator would punch up the message, make contact with the receiving operator, use the ''EIN / AUS'' switch on the SZ machine to connect it into the circuit, and then run the tape through the reader.<ref name = "GRoT11B10" /> At the receiving end, the operator would similarly connect his SZ machine into the circuit and the output would be printed up on a continuous sticky tape. Because this was the practice, the plaintext did not contain the characters for "carriage return", "line feed" or the null (blank tape, 00000) character.<ref name = "GRoT11A4" />