Editing Magazine (section)

==Distribution==
[[File:German Printmagazines.jpg|thumb|German print magazines]]
Print magazines can be distributed through the [[mail]], through sales by [[newsstand]]s, [[bookstore]]s, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Electronic distribution]] methods can include [[social media]], [[email]], [[news aggregator]]s, and visibility of a publication's [[website]] and [[search engine]] results.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

===Paid circulation===
In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation|title=Circulation 101: U.S. Newspaper Terms for Paid and Business/Traveler Circulation|access-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122845/https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation|archive-date=18 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Beech|first=Valerie|title=Research Guides: Advertising & Public Relations: Circulation data|url=https://libguides.marquette.edu/c.php?g=36683&p=233038|access-date=2020-10-09|website=libguides.marquette.edu|language=en}}</ref>

===Non-paid circulation===
This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, on airlines, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Controlled circulation===
This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as a member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined by job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation|title=Home Page – PPA|website=PPA|access-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041226/http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation/|archive-date=8 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the [[World Wide Web]] and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including ''[[Computer Weekly]]'' and ''[[Computing (magazine)|Computing]]'', and in finance, ''[[Waters Magazine]]''. For the global media industry, an example would be ''[[VideoAge International]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}