Editing Magnolia (section)

====Early====
[[File:Magnòlia a Verbania.JPG|thumb|''[[Magnolia grandiflora]]'']]
[[File:Magnolia flowers (Wiesbaden, Germany).JPG|thumb|''Magnolia'' flowers]]
[[File:Bloemknop van een Magnolia, 05-03-2024. (actm.) 01.jpg|thumb|Flower bud]]

The name ''Magnolia'' first appeared in 1703 in the ''[[Genera]]''<ref name=Plumier>Plumier, C. (1703) ''Nova plantarum Americanarum genera''. Paris. [New genera of American plants].</ref> written by French botanist [[Charles Plumier]], for a flowering tree from the island of [[Martinique]] (''talauma''). It was named after French botanist [[Pierre Magnol]]. English botanist [[William Sherard]], who studied botany in Paris under [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort]], a pupil of Magnol, was most probably the first after Plumier to adopt the genus name ''Magnolia''. He was at least responsible for the [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] part of [[Johann Jacob Dillenius]]'s ''Hortus Elthamensis''<ref>Dillenius, J.J. (1732), ''Hortus Elthamensis, seu plantarum rariorum quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit vir ornamentissimus et praestantissimus Jacobus Sherard''. London [The garden of Eltham, or rather about the rare plants that the most distinguished and prominent man Jacob Sherard grows in his garden in Eltham in Kent].</ref> and of [[Mark Catesby]]'s ''Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands''.<ref>Catesby, M. (1730), ''The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, containing the figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, insects and plants, Vol. 1.'' London.</ref> These were the first works after Plumier's ''Genera'' that used the name ''Magnolia'', this time for some species of [[flowering plant|flowering trees]] from [[temperate]] North America. The species that Plumier originally named ''Magnolia'' was later described as ''[[Annona dodecapetala]]'' by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]]<ref>Lamarck, J.B.P.A. de (1786), ''Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique'', tome second: 127. Paris.</ref> and has since been named ''Magnolia plumieri'' and ''Talauma plumieri'' (among a number of other names), but is now known as ''Magnolia dodecapetala''.<ref group=lower-alpha>Under the rule of priority, the first name that is validly published in Linnaeus' ''Species Plantarum'' (1 May 1753) or any other work of any other [[botanist]] after that, takes precedence over later names. Plumier's name was not a [[binomen]] and moreover published before ''Species Plantarum'', so it has no status. The first binomen published after 1753 was Lamarck's ''Annona dodecapetala'' (1786). ''Magnolia plumieri'' (1788) was published on a later date by Schwartz, and is treated as a later synonym, as are ''Magnolia fatiscens'' (1817; Richard), ''Talauma caerulea'' (Jaume St-Hilaire 1805) and ''Magnolia linguifolia'' (1822).</ref>

[[Carl Linnaeus]], who was familiar with Plumier's ''Genera'', adopted the genus name ''Magnolia'' in 1735 in his first edition of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'', without a description but with a reference to Plumier's work. In 1753, he took up Plumier's ''Magnolia'' in the first edition of ''[[Species Plantarum]]''. He described a [[monotypic]] genus, with the sole species being ''[[Magnolia virginiana]]''. Since Linnaeus never saw a herbarium specimen (if there ever was one) of Plumier's ''Magnolia'' and had only his description and a rather poor picture at hand, he must have taken it for the same plant that was described by [[Mark Catesby]] in his 1730 ''Natural History of Carolina''. He placed it in the [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymy]] of ''Magnolia virginiana'' var. ''fœtida'', the [[taxon]] now known as ''[[Magnolia grandiflora]]''. Under ''Magnolia virginiana'', Linnaeus described five varieties (''glauca'', ''fœtida'', ''grisea'', ''tripetala'', and ''acuminata''). In the tenth edition of ''Systema Naturae'' (1759), he merged ''grisea'' with ''glauca'' and raised the four remaining varieties to species status.<ref group=lower-alpha>''Magnolia glauca'' has the same type specimen as ''Magnolia virginiana'' and as the latter is the first valid name, the species is now called ''Magnolia virginiana'' (sweetbay magnolia). Var. ''fœtida'' was renamed ''[[Magnolia grandiflora]]'', which is legitimate as the epithet ''fœtida'' only has priority in its rank of variety. ''Magnolia grandiflora'' is the southern magnolia. ''[[Magnolia tripetala]]'' (umbrella magnolia) and ''[[Magnolia acuminata]]'' (cucumber tree) are still recognized as species.</ref>

By the end of the 18th century, botanists and plant hunters exploring Asia had begun to name and describe the ''Magnolia'' species from China and Japan. The first Asiatic species to be described by western botanists were ''[[Magnolia denudata]]'', ''[[Magnolia liliiflora]]'',<ref group=lower-alpha>Under these names the species were described by [[Louis Auguste Joseph Desrousseaux|Desrousseaux]] in [[Lamarck]]'s ''Encyclopédie Méthodique Botanique'', tome troisieme (1792): 675. In the beginning of the 20th century, descriptions which seemed to represent the same species, were found in a work of the French naturalist [[Pierre Joseph Buchoz|P.J. Buc'hoz]], ''Plantes nouvellement découvertes'' (1779), under the names ''Lassonia heptapeta'' and ''Lassonia quinquepeta''. In 1934, the English botanist J.E. Dandy argued that these names had priority over the names by which both species had been known for over a century and hence from then on ''Magnolia denudata'' had to be named ''Magnolia heptapeta'', ''Magnolia liliiflora'' should be changed into ''Magnolia quinquepeta''. After a lengthy debate, specialist taxonomists decided that the Buc'hoz's names were based on [[chimaeras]] (pictures constructed of elements of different species), and as Buc'hoz did not cite or preserve herbarium specimens, his names were ruled not to be acceptable.</ref> ''[[Magnolia coco]],'' and ''[[Michelia figo|Magnolia figo]]''.<ref group=lower-alpha>These species were published as ''Liriodendron coco'' and ''Liriodendron figo'' by J. de Loureiro in ''Flora Cochinchinensis'' (1790) and later (1817) transferred to ''Magnolia'' by [[A. P. de Candolle]]. ''Magnolia figo'' was soon after transferred to the genus ''Michelia''.</ref> Soon after that, in 1794, [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] collected and described ''Magnolia obovata'' from Japan, and roughly at the same time ''[[Magnolia kobus]]'' was also first collected.<ref>''Magnolia kobus'' only received its name in 1814, when it was validly published by A.P. de Candolle. There has been much confusion about earlier attempts to validly publish this species, especially because descriptions and type specimens did not match.</ref>