Editing Man Ray (section)

===Paris===
[[File:Man Ray, 1922, Untitled Rayograph.jpg|thumb|upright|Man Ray, 1922, Untitled Rayograph, gelatin silver photogram, 23.5 x 17.8&nbsp;cm]]

In July 1921, Man Ray went to live and work in Paris, settling in the [[Montparnasse]] quarter favored by many artists. His accidental rediscovery of the cameraless [[photogram]], which he called "rayographs", resulted in mysterious images hailed by [[Tristan Tzara]] as "pure Dada creations".<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/55529/untitled |website=The Art Institute of Chicago |year=1923 |language=en}}</ref>

Shortly after arriving in Paris, he met and fell in love with [[Alice Prin]] (popularly known as "Kiki de Montparnasse"), an artists' model and celebrated character in Paris bohemian circles. Prin was Man Ray's companion for most of the 1920s, and became the subject of some of his most famous photographic images. She also starred in his experimental films ''[[Le Retour à la raison]]'' and ''[[L'Étoile de mer]]''.

In 1929, he began a love affair with the Surrealist photographer [[Lee Miller]].<ref>{{Citation | author1=Shinkle, Eugénie, 1963- | author2=ProQuest (Firm) | title=Fashion as photograph : viewing and reviewing images of fashion | date=2008 | pages=71–72 | publisher=I.B. Tauris | isbn=978-0-85771-255-4 }}</ref><ref name=Independent>{{cite news|author=Charles Darwent|title=Man crush: When Man Ray met Lee Miller|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/man-crush-when-man-ray-met-lee-miller-8463783.html|access-date=May 9, 2014|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=January 27, 2013}}</ref><ref name=JDGiovanni>Giovanni, Janine D. "What's a Girl to Do When a Battle Lands in Her Lap?" ''New York Times Magazine'' Winter 2007: 68-71. ProQuest. March 2, 2017</ref> She was also his [[photographic assistant]] and, together,<ref name="Penrose-4771">{{cite web |last1=Penrose |first1=Roland |author1-link=Roland Penrose |title=Picnic [Nusch Éluard, Paul Éluard, Lee Miller, Unknown, Man Ray, Ady Fidelin]- 4771 |url=https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/Ck3g11OMBdU8ln77Wqg0Ug..a |website=LeeMiller.co.uk |access-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081213/https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/Ck3g11OMBdU8ln77Wqg0Ug..a |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Miller-3697">{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Lee |author1-link=Lee Miller |title=3697 - Nusch and Paul Ėluard, Roland Penrose, Man Ray and Ady Fidelin |url=https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/qV_cx2kw1PGFhANSZJObZA..a |website=LeeMiller.co.uk |access-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313191538/https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/qV_cx2kw1PGFhANSZJObZA..a |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Miller-1101">{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Lee |author1-link=Lee Miller |title=1101 - Man Ray and Ady Fidelin, Picasso, Nusch and Paul Éluard and Roland Penrose, the picnic |url=https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/5pot--3czCgsNOKYn8gP1g..a |website=LeeMiller.co.uk |access-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313191616/https://www.leemiller.co.uk/media/5pot--3czCgsNOKYn8gP1g..a |url-status=dead }}</ref> they reinvented the photographic technique of [[Solarization (photography)|solarization]]. Miller left him in 1932.

From late 1934 until August 1940, Man Ray was in a relationship with Adrienne Fidelin.<ref>''Yo, Adrienne'', The New York Times, February 25, 2007,  [https://www.nytimes.com › 2007 › 02 › 25 › style › tmagazine › 25tmodel.html]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Felder |first=Rachel |date=2022-04-29 |title=Overlooked No More: Ady Fidelin, Black Model 'Hidden in Plain Sight' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/29/obituaries/ady-fidelin-overlooked.html |access-date=2025-03-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> She was a [[Guadeloupean]] dancer and model and she appears in many of his photographs. When Ray fled the Nazi occupation in France, Adrienne chose to stay behind to care for her family.<ref>Wendy A. Grossman and Sala E. Patterson, "Adrienne "Ady" Fidelin" in ''Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biographies'', ed. Franklin W. Knight and Henry Louis Gates Jr.; Oxford University Press, 2016.</ref> Unlike the artist's other significant muses, Fidelin had until 2022 largely been written out of his life story.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le modèle noir: de Géricault à Matisse [exposition, Paris, Musée d'Orsay, 26 mars-21 juillet 2019, Pointe-à-Pitre, Mémorial ACTE, 13 septembre-29 décembre 2019] |date=2019 |publisher=Musée d'Orsay Flammarion |isbn=978-2-35433-281-5 |editor-last=Établissement public du musée d'Orsay et du Musée de l'Orangerie-Valéry Giscard d'Estaing |location=Paris |pages=306–311 |editor-last2=Miriam and Ira D. Wallach art gallery |editor-last3=Mémorial ACTE}}</ref>

Man Ray was a pioneering photographer in Paris for two decades between the wars. Many significant members of the art world, such as [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Tristan Tzara]], [[James Joyce]], [[Gertrude Stein]], [[Jean Cocteau]], [[Salvador Dalí]], [[Peggy Guggenheim]], [[Bridget Bate Tichenor]],<ref name="Man Ray">{{cite web |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1015080 |title=Christie's Photography Auction, London, May 1, 1996, Lot 213/Sale 558 ''Man Ray – Bridget Bate, 1941'' |publisher=Christies.com |access-date=January 6, 2012}}</ref> [[Luisa Casati]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/46751/man-ray-the-marquise-casati-with-horses-american-1935/|title=[The Marquise Casati with Horses] (Getty Museum)|website=The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles}}</ref> and [[Antonin Artaud]], posed for his camera. His international fame as a portrait photographer is reflected in a series of photographs of [[Maharajah]] [[Yashwant Rao Holkar II]] and his wife Sanyogita Devi from their visit to Europe in 1927.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/how-maharaja-yeshwant-holkar-and-maharani-sanyogita-devi-turned-indore-into-a-art-deco-paradise|title=How Maharaja Yeshwant Holkar and Maharani Sanyogita Devi Turned Indore Into a Art Deco Paradise|first=Mitchell|last=Owens|website=Architectural Digest| date=August 2, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/a-thoroughly-modern-maharaja-how-an-indian-prince-amassed-one-of-the-world-s-greatest-collections-of-modern-design|title=Thoroughly Modern Maharaja: how an Indian prince amassed one of the world's greatest interwar design collections|website=www.theartnewspaper.com|date=September 18, 2019 }}</ref> In the winter of 1933, surrealist artist [[Méret Oppenheim]], known for her fur-covered teacup, posed nude for Man Ray in a well-known series of photographs depicting her standing next to a [[printing press]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Meret Oppenheim {{!}} Widewalls |url=https://www.widewalls.ch/artists/meret-oppenheim |website=www.widewalls.ch |access-date=February 12, 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

His practice of photographing African objects in the Paris collections of [[Paul Guillaume]] and Charles Ratton and others led to several iconic photographs, including ''Noire et blanche''. As Man Ray scholar Wendy A. Grossman has illustrated, "no one was more influential in translating the vogue for African art into a Modernist photographic aesthetic than Man Ray."<ref>{{citation |title=Man Ray, African Art, and the Modernist Lens |first=Wendy |last=Grossman |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |year=2009 |page=4 |isbn=978-0816670178}}</ref>

[[File:Chess Set Man Ray.jpg|thumb|Chess Set by Man Ray]]

Man Ray was represented in the first [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] exhibition with [[Jean Arp]], [[Giorgio de Chirico]], [[Max Ernst]], [[Georges Malkine]], [[André Masson]], [[Joan Miró]], and [[Pablo Picasso]] at the Galerie Pierre in Paris in 1925. Important works from this time were a metronome with an eye, originally titled ''[[Object to Be Destroyed]]'', and the ''Violon d'Ingres'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Violon d&#x27;Ingres (Ingres&#x27;s Violin) (The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection) |url=https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/104E4A |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=The J. Paul Getty Museum Collection |language=en}}</ref> a stunning photograph of [[Kiki de Montparnasse]],<ref>{{citation |title=Self Portrait |first=Man |last= Ray |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |year=1963 |page=158}}</ref> styled after the painter/musician [[Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres|Ingres]]. ''Violon d'Ingres'' is a popular example of how Man Ray could juxtapose disparate elements in his photography to generate meaning.<ref>Penrose, Roland. Man Ray. 1. Boston: New York Graphic Society, 1975. Pg 92</ref>

Man Ray directed a number of influential [[avant-garde]] short films, known as ''[[Cinéma Pur]]''. He directed ''[[Le Retour à la Raison]]'' (2 mins, 1923); ''[[Emak-Bakia]]'' (16 mins, 1926); ''[[L'Étoile de Mer]]'' (15 mins, 1928); and ''[[Les Mystères du Château de Dé]]'' (27 mins, 1929). Man Ray also assisted Marcel Duchamp with the cinematography of his film ''[[Anemic Cinema]]'' (1926), and Ray personally manned the camera on [[Fernand Léger]]'s ''[[Ballet Mécanique]]'' (1924). In [[René Clair]]'s film ''[[Entr'acte (film)|Entr'acte]]'' (1924), Man Ray appeared in a brief scene playing [[chess]] with Duchamp.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manray-photo.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=28&products_id=14 |title=Entr'acte photo with Duchamp and Man Ray |access-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319081211/http://www.manray-photo.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=28&products_id=14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duchamp, Man Ray, and [[Francis Picabia]] were all friends and collaborators, connected by their experimental, entertaining, and innovative art.<ref>{{citation | title= Winter Museum Preview: Top 5 London | first= Chris | last= Bors | work=Art+Auction  | date= January 9, 2008 | url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/26385/winter-museum-preview-top-5-london/ | access-date=April 23, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=k5qvm7pOI8AC&dq=man%20ray%20american%20artist&pg=PA64 Neil Baldwin, ''Man Ray American Artist'']{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved July 17, 2010</ref>