Editing Mantis shrimp (section)

==== Polarized light ====
Six species of mantis shrimp have been reported to be able to detect circularly polarised light, which has not been documented in any other animal, and whether it is present across all species is unknown.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiou |first1=Tsyr-Huei |last2=Kleinlogel |first2=Sanja |last3=Cronin |first3=Tom |last4=Caldwell |first4=Roy |last5=Loeffler |first5=Birte |last6=Siddiqi |first6=Afsheen |last7=Goldzien |first7=Alan |last8=Marshall |first8=Justin |title=Circular polarization vision in a stomatopod crustacean |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=429–434 |date=March 25, 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.066 |pmid=18356053 |s2cid=6925705 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2008CBio...18..429C }}</ref><ref name="Kleinlogel et al">{{cite journal |last1=Kleinlogel |first1=Sonja |last2=White |first2=Andrew |title=The secret world of shrimps: polarisation vision at its best |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=e2190 |year=2009 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0002190 |pmid=18478095 |pmc=2377063 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.2190K |arxiv=0804.2162 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Templin |first1=Rachel M. |last2=How |first2=Martin J. |last3=Roberts |first3=Nicholas W. |last4=Chiou |first4=Tsyr-Huei |last5=Marshall |first5=Justin |title=Circularly polarized light detection in stomatopod crustaceans: a comparison of photoreceptors and possible function in six species |journal=The Journal of Experimental Biology |date=15 September 2017 |volume=220 |issue=18 |pages=3222–3230 |doi=10.1242/jeb.162941 |pmid=28667244 |doi-access=free|hdl=1983/1f1c982f-9a88-4184-b59a-2cebd73ec818 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> They perform this feat by converting circularly polarized light into linearly polarized light via quarter-[[waveplate]]s formed from stacks of [[Microvillus|microvilli]]. Some of their biological quarter-waveplates perform more uniformly over the visual spectrum than any current man-made polarising optics, and this could inspire new types of optical media that would outperform early 21st century [[Blu-ray]] Disc technology.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A biological quarter-wave retarder with excellent achromaticity in the visible wavelength region |last1=Roberts |first1=Nicholas W. |last2=Chiou |first2=Tsyr-Huei |last3=Marshall |first3=Nicholas Justin |last4=Cronin |first4=Thomas W. |journal=[[Nature Photonics]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=641–644 |year=2009 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2009.189 |bibcode=2009NaPho...3..641R}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Chris |title=A crustacean eye that rivals the best optical equipment |publisher=[[Ars Technica]] |work=Nobel Intent |date=November 1, 2009 |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/news/2009/11/a-crusty-eye-sees-curly-light.ars |access-date=June 14, 2017 |archive-date=April 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405130942/http://arstechnica.com/science/news/2009/11/a-crusty-eye-sees-curly-light.ars |url-status=live }}</ref>

The species ''[[Gonodactylus smithii]]'' is the only organism known to simultaneously detect the four linear and two circular polarisation components required to measure all four [[Stokes parameters]], which yield a full description of polarisation. It is thus believed to have optimal polarisation vision.<ref name="Kleinlogel et al"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Minard |first=Anne |title="Weird beastie" shrimp have super-vision |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=May 19, 2008 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080519-shrimp-colors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527213305/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/05/080519-shrimp-colors.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 27, 2008}}</ref> It is the only animal known to have dynamic polarisation vision. This is achieved by rotational eye movements to maximise the polarisation contrast between the object in focus and its background.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Ilse M. |last2=How |first2=Martin J. |last3=Partridge |first3=Julian C. |last4=Roberts |first4=Nicholas W. |date=2018-05-16 |title=Complex gaze stabilization in mantis shrimp |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1878 |pages=20180594 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.0594 |pmc=5966611 |pmid=29720419}}</ref> Since each eye moves independently from the other, it creates two separate streams of visual information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsweek.com/mantis-shrimp-have-perfected-eye-roll-better-see-things-we-cant-even-imagine-480162 |title=Mantis shrimp have perfected the eye roll to see things we can't imagine |website=[[Newsweek]] |date=14 July 2016 |access-date=6 February 2017 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206210222/http://www.newsweek.com/mantis-shrimp-have-perfected-eye-roll-better-see-things-we-cant-even-imagine-480162 |url-status=live }}</ref>