Editing Mapuche language (section)

===Prehistory===
Moulian ''et al.'' (2015) argue that the [[Puquina language]] influenced Mapuche language long before the rise of the [[Inca Empire]].<ref name=Moulianetal2015>{{cite journal |last1=Moulian |first1=Rodrígo |last2=Catrileo |first2=María |last3=Landeo |first3=Pablo |author-link2=María Catrileo |date=2015 |title=Afines quechua en el vocabulario mapuche de Luis de Valdivia |trans-title=Akins Quechua words in the Mapuche vocabulary of Luis de Valdivia |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-48832015000200004&script=sci_arttext |journal=[[Revista de lingüística teórica y aplicada]] |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=73–96 |doi=10.4067/S0718-48832015000200004 |access-date=January 13, 2019 |language=es |doi-access=free |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210091503/https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-48832015000200004&script=sci_arttext |url-status=live }}</ref> The influence of Puquine is thought to be the reason for the existence of Mapuche-Aymara-Quechua [[cognate]]s.<ref name=Moulianetal2015/> The following Pre-Incan cognates have been identified by Moulian ''et al.'': sun ({{langx|arn|antü}}, {{langx|qu|inti}}), moon ({{langx|arn|küllen}}, {{langx|qu|killa}}), warlock ({{langx|arn|kalku}}, {{langx|qu|kawchu}}), salt ({{langx|arn|chadi}}, {{langx|qu|cachi}}) and mother ({{langx|arn|ñuque}}, {{langx|qu|ñuñu}}).<ref name=Moulianetal2015/> This [[areal feature|areal]] linguistic influence may have arrived with a migratory wave arising from the collapse of the [[Tiwanaku empire|Tiwanaku Empire]] around 1000 CE.<ref name=Moulianetal2015/><ref>[[Tom Dillehay|Dillehay, Tom D.]]; [[Mario Pino Quivira|Pino Quivira, Mario]]; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007) [http://www.dendrocronologia.cl/pubs/2007_Dillehay(AncientCultivatedWetlands).pdf Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811175820/http://www.dendrocronologia.cl/pubs/2007_Dillehay(AncientCultivatedWetlands).pdf |date=2017-08-11 }}. ''[[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]]'' 81 (2007): 949–960</ref>

There is a more recent lexical influence from the [[Quechuan languages]] (''pataka'' 'hundred', ''warangka'' 'thousand'), associated with the [[Inca Empire]], and from Spanish.

As result of Inca rule, there was some Mapudungun–[[Southern Quechua|Imperial Quechua]] bilingualism among the Mapuches of [[Aconcagua River|Aconcagua Valley]] at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the 1530s and 1540s.{{sfnp|Téllez|2008|p=43}}

The discovery of many [[Chono language|Chono toponyms]] in [[Chiloé Archipelago]], where [[Huilliche language|Huilliche]], a language closely related to Mapudungun, has been dominant, suggest that Mapudungun displaced Chono there prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the mid-16th century.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ibar Bruce |first1=Jorge |date=1960 |title=Ensayo sobre los indios Chonos e interpretación de sus toponimías |journal=[[Anales de la Universidad de Chile]] |volume=117 |pages=61–70 |url=https://semanariorepublicano.uchile.cl/index.php/ANUC/article/download/19032/20162 |access-date=2019-09-06 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806142044/https://semanariorepublicano.uchile.cl/index.php/ANUC/article/download/19032/20162 |url-status=live }}</ref> A theory postulated by chronicler [[José Pérez García]] holds that the [[Cunco people|Cuncos]] settled in [[Chiloé Island]] in [[Pre-Columbian era|Pre-Hispanic]] times as consequence of a push from more northern [[Huilliche people|Huilliches]], who in turn were being displaced by [[Mapuche]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alcamán |first=Eugenio |title=Los mapuche-huilliche del Futahuillimapu septentrional: Expansión colonial, guerras internas y alianzas políticas (1750–1792) |date=1997 |journal=Revista de Historia Indígena |issue=2 |pages=29–76 |language=es |url=http://200.10.23.169/trabajados/alcaman.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228093024/http://200.10.23.169/trabajados/alcaman.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to Ramírez "more than a dozen Mapuche – [[Rapa Nui language|Rapa Nui]] [[cognate]]s have been described".<ref name=Ramirez2010>{{Cite journal |title=The Polynesian-Mapuche connection: Soft and Hard Evidence and New Ideas |journal=Rapa Nui Journal |last=Ramírez-Aliaga |first=José-Miguel |year=2010 |volume=24 |pages=29–33 |issue=1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267330642 |access-date=2023-06-22 |archive-date=2023-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623005954/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose-Ramirez-Aliaga/publication/267330642_TRANSPACIFIC_CONTACTS_RNJ_2010/links/544b89ef0cf24b5d6c406c3a/TRANSPACIFIC-CONTACTS-RNJ-2010.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Among these are the Mapuche/Rapa Nui words ''toki''/''toki'' (axe), ''kuri''/''uri'' (black) and ''piti''/''iti'' (little).<ref name=Ramirez2010/>