Editing Marcel Lefebvre (section)

==Transition years, 1959–1962 ==
Lefebvre's career shifted rapidly with the death of Pope Pius XII, moving from the missions to Rome, though not directly, and with indications he was at times favored and at times disfavored by the new pope. [[Pope John XXIII]] replaced Lefebvre as Apostolic Delegate to Dakar on 9 July 1959, a position that would quickly evolve as the colonies gained their independence in the 1960s.<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 19 September 2021 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-51-1959-ocr.pdf | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | volume =LI| date= 1959 | page = 722 }}</ref> The next year, Pope John appointed Lefebvre to the 120-member [[Central Preparatory Commission]] for the [[Second Vatican Council]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2898-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml | title =An Interview With Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090131121410/http://www.angelusonline.org/Article2898-thread-order1-threshold0.phtml |archive-date=31 January 2009 | date = 3 May 1982 | interviewer = Louis Moore}}</ref>

After Senegal declared its independence in June 1960, its first president, [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] proposed the country adopt its own form of socialism, which he as a Catholic believed compatible with Church doctrine. Lefebvre, still Archbishop of Dakar, criticized Senghor's views in a March 1961 pastoral letter and then in a personal audience with Senghor, drawing on Pope Pius XI's denunciation of socialism in his 1931 encyclical ''[[Quadragesimo anno]]''. Now at odds with the government, Lefebvre watched as the Holy See replaced European missionary bishops with Africans and tried to delay his own removal by asking for the appointment of a coadjutor, which met with no response.<ref name=cleary>{{cite book | pages= | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FphLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 | title = Spiritan Life and Mission Since Vatican II | first = William | last = Cleary | date = 2018 | publisher = Wipf & Stock | chapter= Mgr. Marcel Lefebvre" in "Chapter 2: The Spiritan Congregation, Change, and Vatican II |isbn = 9781532634703}}</ref>{{efn|Lefebvre's successor in Dakar was [[Hyacinthe Thiandoum]], who was made a cardinal in 1976 at the consistory where Pope Paul decried Lefebvre's actions.<ref name=shuster>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 20 September 2021 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1976/05/25/archives/archbishop-of-hanoi-among-20-new-cardinals-installed-by-pope.html | title =Archbishop of Hanoi Among 20 New Cardinals Installed by Pope | date = 25 May 1976 | first = Alvin | last = Shuster }}</ref>}} He told Pope John "the Africans are not yet ripe" and did not want to be responsible. Pope John said he took the responsibility and would see Lefebvre was taken care of properly.<ref>{{cite book | access-date = 21 September 2021 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GwhYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 | page = 78 | title = Juan XXIII: En el recuerdo de su secretario Loris F. Capovilla | language = es | date = 2013 | publisher = Palabra | first= Loris F. | last = Capovilla|isbn = 9788498409888| interviewer = Marco Roncalli }}</ref>

On 23 January 1962, Lefebvre was transferred to the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulle|Diocese of Tulle]], one of the smallest in France, while retaining the [[Archbishop-bishop|personal title of archbishop]].<ref name=cleary/><ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | pages= 107, 214| title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>{{efn|As bishop of Tulle, he was a [[suffragan bishop|suffragan]] to the archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bourges|Bourges]], his cousin Cardinal [[Joseph-Charles Lefèbvre]] (1982–1973).}}
On 4 April 1962, he was named a consultor to the [[Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | page= 301 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>

On 26 July 1962, the Chapter General of the Holy Ghost Fathers, dominated by those in leadership positions with fewer representatives of local communities, elected Lefebvre to a 12-year term as their Superior General. He won 53 of the 75 votes cast on the first ballot, though some delegates had "strong misgivings". This meeting also moved the order's headquarters from Paris to Rome.<ref name=cleary2>{{cite book | pages= | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FphLDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT72 | title = Spiritan Life and Mission Since Vatican II | first = William | last = Cleary | date = 2018 | publisher = Wipf & Stock | chapter= GC XII (1962)" in "Chapter 2: The Spiritan Congregation, Change, and Vatican II |isbn = 9781532634703}}</ref><ref name=mallerais_biog>{{harvnb|Tissier de Mallerais|2004|p=338}}</ref> Upon being elected Superior General, Lefebvre resigned as bishop of Tulle; Pope John accepted his resignation on 7 August and named him titular archbishop of [[Synnada in Phrygia]].<ref>{{cite book | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-54-1962-ocr.pdf | pages= 735, 827 | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 19 September 2021 | volume =LIV | date = 1962 }}</ref>