Editing Marcomanni (section)

==The move to "Bohemia"==
A later Roman historian, [[Cassius Dio]], implies that the Romans settled the Hermunduri in a place where the Marcomanni had previously been living in 7 BC, suggesting that the Marcomanni had left a previous homeland shortly before that year.<ref>{{harvtxt|Kehne|2001a|p=293}} citing Cassius Dio, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/55*.html 55].</ref> According to the accounts of [[Tacitus]], [[Velleius Paterculus]], and [[Strabo]] the Marcomanni eventually moved into a part of the large area that had been occupied by the [[Boii]], a region called ''Baiohaemum'', where their allies and fellow Suevi lived, the [[Quadi]]. Scholars interpret this placename as clear early evidence of a [[Germanic language]] being used. ''Haemum'' corresponds to English "home" and German "''[[wiktionary:heim#German|Heim]]''" ([[Proto-Germanic]] ''[[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haimaz|*haimaz]]''), while the change from ''boi''- to ''bai''- corresponds to normal evolutions in Germanic languages.{{sfn|Green|2014|p=19}} This ancient term is the origin of the modern regional name [[Bohemia]], although the boundaries of this region were likely quite different from medieval and modern versions.{{sfn|Green|2014|p=20}} These classical authors place the new settlement area of the Marcomanni within the [[Hercynian Forest]], in an area near present day Bohemia and probably within it. By 6 BC, their king, [[Marbod|Maroboduus]], had established a powerful kingdom there that [[Augustus]] came to perceive as a threat to the [[Roman Empire]]. The archaeological evidence of this period, including both a number of cremation and inhumation burials, hints at a stratified society which gave special importance to its warrior class.{{sfn|Tejral|2001a|pp=302-303}}
*Strabo, writing about 23 AD, appears to have written the earliest surviving mention of the long-term neighbours of the Marcomanni, the Quadi. Strabo described a mountain range running north of the Danube, like a smaller version of the Alps which runs south of it. Within it is the [[Hercynian forest]], and within this forest are tribes of [[Suebi]] "similar to" [or "such as"] "the tribes of the ''Coldui'' [καθάπερ τὰ τῶν κολδούων], in whose territory lies ''Buiaimon'', the royal seat of Maroboduus". King Maroboduus, he wrote, led several peoples into this forested region, including his own people the Marcomanni. Having lived in Rome and been favoured by Augustus he became ruler of Suevi peoples in this forested region, and also over other Suevi living outside it bordering on the [[Dacians]] (who he calls [[Getae]]). Not only is Strabo's spelling of Quadi with an "L" unexpected when compared to later references, but some scholars also doubt that the Maroboduus lived within Quadi territory. Errors are suspected in the surviving text.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|p=625}} citing Strabo, ''Geography'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D3 7.1.3]</ref> He goes on to specify that the Hercynian forest is on the north side of the Suebi, and the [[Gabreta Forest]] is on the southern or Roman side.<ref>Strabo, ''Geography'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D5 7.1.5]</ref>
*A contemporary of Strabo, Velleius Paterculus, also described "Boiohaemum", where Maroboduus and the Marcomanni lived. He said these "plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest" were the only part of [[Germania]] which the Romans did not control in the period before the Roman defeat at the [[Battle of the Teutoburg Forest]] in 9 AD.<ref>Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.108]: "Nothing remained to be conquered in Germany except the people of the Marcomanni, which, leaving its settlements at the summons of its leader Maroboduus, had retired into the interior and now dwelt in the plains surrounded by the Hercynian forest". (''Nihil erat iam in Germania, quod vinci posset, praeter gentem Marcomannorum, quae Maroboduo duce excita sedibus suis atque in interiora refugiens incinctos Hercynia silva campos incolebat.'')</ref> Velleius also remarked that Maroboduus subjugated all his neighbours either by war or treaty. Hofeneder notes that many modern scholars interpret this to mean that the Quadi were also under his overlordship. Although there is no consensus about this, it is in any case clear that the two peoples were always closely connected during the many centuries in which they appear in records.<ref>{{harvtxt|Hofeneder|2003|pp=628-629}} citing Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.108]: "after occupying the region we have mentioned, he proceeded to reduce all the neighbouring races by war, or to bring them under his sovereignty by treaty" (''Occupatis igitur, quos praediximus, locis finitimos omnis aut bello domuit aut condicionibus iuris sui fecit'')</ref> Velleius said that Maroboduus drilled his Bohemian soldiers to almost Roman standards, and that although his policy was to avoid conflict with Rome, the Romans came to be concerned that he could invade Italy. "Races and individuals who revolted from us [the Romans] found in him a refuge." From a Roman point of view he noted that the closest point of access to Bohemia was via [[Carnuntum]].<ref>Velleius, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2D*.html 2.109]</ref> This was between present-day Vienna and Bratislava, and near the Quadi territory where the Morava river enters the Danube.
*Approximately 100 AD, Tacitus reflected upon the Marcomanni in his time and in the past, saying they "stand first in strength and renown, and their very territory, from which the Boii were driven in a former age, was won by valour", suggesting (in contrast to other sources) that they had to defeat the remaining residents of the area. He also mentioned that both the Marcomanni and their neighbours the Quadi have "kings of their own nation, descended from the noble stock of Maroboduus and Tudrus". However, he noted that they submit to foreigners, and their strength and power depend on Roman influence. Rome supports them by arms, and "more frequently by our money".<ref name=tac42>Tacitus, ''Germania'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0083:chapter=42&highlight=quadi 42]</ref>