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==Commerce== {{image frame |content={{Graph:Chart | width=280 | height=150 | yGrid= | xAxisAngle = -40 | yAxisTitle=Percent | yAxisMin=0 |showValues = offset:4 | type=rect | y1=,33.3,5.9,0.4,1.5,2.6,4.5,3.3 | y2=10.9 | x=World,Asia Pacific,Australasia,E. Europe,Latin America,M. East & Africa,N. America,W. Europe | colors=#2ca02c,#98df8a }} |width=345 |caption=In 2020, the world retail value of meat substitutes was 10.9% of the combined meat and substitutes market. The remaining 89.1% was meat.<ref name=RBC>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2021|title=Uprooting tradition: What plant-based alternatives mean for the future of protein|url=https://ca.rbcwealthmanagement.com/documents/634020/2734902/Uprooting+Tradition+What+Plant-based+alternatives+mean+for+the+future+of+protien.pdf/377e518f-0dc7-49d6-8c00-85a1a033441a|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-30|website=[[Royal Bank of Canada]]|pages=13โ14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220130134912/https://ca.rbcwealthmanagement.com/documents/634020/2734902/Uprooting+Tradition+What+Plant-based+alternatives+mean+for+the+future+of+protien.pdf/377e518f-0dc7-49d6-8c00-85a1a033441a|archive-date=2022-01-30}} Formula: (Retail value meat substitutes) / (Retail value meat + retail value meat substitutes).</ref> |border=no }} {{image frame |content={{Graph:Chart | width=280 | height=150 | yGrid= | xAxisTitle=Year | yAxisTitle=US dollars per unit | yAxisMin=0 | type=line | x=13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 | y1=20.38,19.24,16.91,15.99,15.48,15.02,14.15,14.19,13.74 | y2=,,,,,,,,13.74,12.97,12.34,11.49,10.04,9.87 | colors=#1f77b4,#aec7e8 }} |width=345 |caption=Average price of meat substitutes worldwide from 2013 to 2021 with projections to 2026. Includes vegetarian and vegan meat substitutes.<ref name=statista>{{Cite web|date=November 2021|title=Global: meat substitute price per unit 2013โ2026|url=https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1276529/worldwide-meat-substitute-price-per-unit|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Statista|language=en|quote=all types of meat-like products that approximate certain aesthetic qualities (primarily texture, flavor, and appearance) or chemical characteristics of a specific meat. (...) includes plant-based meat and vegetarian meat [which] contains non-vegan ingredients}}</ref> Projection made in October 2021. Prices were converted to USD using average exchange rates of the first year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meat Substitutes โ Worldwide {{!}} Statista Market Forecast|url=https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/food/meat/meat-substitutes/worldwide|access-date=2022-01-29|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>{{clarify|reason=What is the unit mentioned on the Y-axis?|date=September 2022}} |border=no }} Meat substitutes represent around 11% of the world's meat and substitutes market {{As of|2020|alt=in 2020}}. As shown in the graph, this market share is different from region to region.<ref name=RBC /> From 2013 to 2021, the world average price of meat substitutes fell continuously, by an overall 33%. The only exception was a 0.3% increase in 2020, compared to 2019. The price will continue to decrease, according to projections by [[Statista]] (see average price graph).<ref name=statista /> Meat substitutes are often priced higher than comparable meat products, but the price can vary depending on product characteristics such as credence attributes or main ingredients.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Thies |last2=Tatic |first2=Milan |last3=Hartmann |first3=Monika |last4=Hirsch |first4=Stefan |date=2023 |orig-date=2023 |title=Meat and meat substitutesโA hedonic-pricing model for the German market |journal=Journal of the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association |language=en |publication-date=2023 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=668โ685 |doi=10.1002/jaa2.84 |issn=2769-2485 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The motivation for seeking out meat substitutes varies among consumers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Shahida Anusha |last2=Alvi |first2=Tayyaba |last3=Sameen |first3=Aysha |last4=Khan |first4=Sipper |last5=Blinov |first5=Andrey Vladimirovich |last6=Nagdalian |first6=Andrey Ashotovich |last7=Mehdizadeh |first7=Mohammad |last8=Adli |first8=Danung Nur |last9=Onwezen |first9=Marleen |title=Consumer Acceptance of Alternative Proteins: A Systematic Review of Current Alternative Protein Sources and Interventions Adapted to Increase Their Acceptability |journal=[[Sustainability (journal)|Sustainability]] |date=January 2022 |volume=14 |issue=22 |pages=15370 |doi=10.3390/su142215370 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2022Sust...1415370S }}</ref> The market for meat alternatives is highly dependent on "[[Flexitarian|meat-reducers]]", who are primarily motivated by health consciousness and weight management. Consumers who identify as [[vegan]], vegetarian or [[pescetarian]] are more likely to endorse concerns regarding [[animal welfare]] and environmentalism as primary motivators.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=July 2018|title=CONSUMER INSIGHTS|url=https://media.ahdb.org.uk/media/Default/Consumer%20and%20Retail%20Insight%20Images/PDF%20articles/ConsumerInsights%20WEB_1653_180725.pdf|access-date=2 September 2020|website=AHDB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Penny|first1=J. C.|last2=Swift|first2=J. A.|last3=Salter|first3=A. M.|date=2015|title='Meat reducers': meat reduction strategies and attitudes towards meat alternatives in an emerging group|journal=Proceedings of the Nutrition Society|language=en|volume=74|issue=OCE5|doi=10.1017/S0029665115003602|issn=0029-6651|doi-access=free}}</ref> Additionally, some cultural beliefs and religions place [[food and drink prohibitions|prohibitions on consuming some or all animal products]], including [[Diet in Hinduism|Hinduism]], [[Kashrut|Judaism]], [[Halal|Islam]], [[Christian vegetarianism|Christianity]], [[Jain vegetarianism|Jainism]], and [[Buddhist cuisine|Buddhism]]. Vegan meats are consumed in restaurants, grocery stores, bakeries, [[vegan school meal]]s, and in homes. The sector for plant-based meats grew by 37% in North America over 2017โ18.<ref name="ola">{{cite web |first=Julia B. |last=Olayanju |author-link=Julia B. Olayanju|title=Plant-based Meat Alternatives: Perspectives On Consumer Demands And Future Directions |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/juliabolayanju/2019/07/30/plant-based-meat-alternatives-perspectives-on-consumer-demands-and-future-directions/ |work=Forbes |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=30 July 2019}}</ref> In 2018โ19, sales of plant-based meats in the United States were $895 million,<ref name="cheng">{{cite web |first=Andria |last=Cheng |title=Beyond Meat Q2 Sales Quadruple, But Replacing Meat? That's A Different Story |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andriacheng/2019/07/29/beyond-meat-q2-sales-quadruples-but-replacing-meat-thats-a-different-story/ |work=Forbes |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=29 July 2019}}</ref> with the global market for meat alternatives forecast to be $140 billion by 2029.<ref name="franck">{{cite news |first=Thomas |last=Franck |title=Alternative meat to become $140 billion industry in a decade, Barclays predicts |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/23/alternative-meat-to-become-140-billion-industry-barclays-says.html |work=CNBC |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Seeking a healthy alternative to meat, curiosity, and trends toward [[veganism]] were drivers for the meat alternative market in 2019.<ref name="panos">{{cite web |first=Panos |last=Mourdoukoutas |title=Veganism And Vegetarianism Are Changing Fast Food |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2019/08/31/veganism-and-vegetarianism-are-changing-fast-food/ |work=Forbes |access-date=10 January 2020 |date=31 August 2019}}</ref> Sales of plant-based meats increased during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="The Washington Post" /> The book ''[[The End of Animal Farming]]'' by [[Jacy Reese Anthis]] argues that plant-based food and [[cultured meat]] will completely replace animal-based food by 2100.<ref>{{cite book |last=Reese |first=Jacy |author-link=Jacy Reese Anthis |date=6 November 2018 |title=The End of Animal Farming: How Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and Activists are Building an Animal-Free Food System |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/567165/the-end-of-animal-farming-by-jacy-reese/ |location=Boston |publisher=[[Beacon Press]] |isbn=9780807039878}}</ref>
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