Editing Medicalization (section)

=== Psychiatry ===
For many years, marginalized psychiatrists (such as [[Peter Breggin]], [[Paula Caplan]], [[Thomas Szasz]]) and outside critics (such as [[Stuart A. Kirk]]) have "been accusing psychiatry of engaging in the systematic medicalization of normality". More recently these concerns have come from insiders who have worked for and promoted the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (e.g., [[Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)|Robert Spitzer]], [[Allen Frances]]).<ref name="stuarta">{{cite book |last1=Kirk |first1=S. A. |last2=Gomory |first2=T. |last3=Cohen |first3=D. |title=Mad Science: Psychiatric Coercion, Diagnosis, and Drugs |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2013 |page=185}}</ref>

[[Benjamin Rush]], the father of American psychiatry, claimed that Black people had black skin because they were ill with hereditary leprosy. Consequently, he considered [[vitiligo]] as a "spontaneous cure".<ref>{{citation |author=Thomas Szasz |title=The Manufacture of Madness |pages=153–170 |year=1970 |publisher=Syracuse University Press}}</ref>

According to [[Franco Basaglia]] and his followers, whose approach pointed out the role of psychiatric institutions in the control and medicalization of deviant behaviors and social problems, psychiatry is used as the provider of scientific support for social control to the existing establishment, and the ensuing standards of deviance and normality brought about repressive views of discrete social groups.<ref name="Sapouna">{{cite book |last1=Sapouna |first1=Lydia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1-X6iP-m9UC&pg=PA70 |title=Knowledge in Mental Health: Reclaiming the Social |last2=Herrmann |first2=Peter |publisher=Nova Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=1-59454-812-9 |location=Hauppauge |page=70}}</ref>{{rp|70}} As scholars have long argued, governmental and medical institutions code menaces to authority as mental diseases during political disturbances.<ref name="Metzl">{{cite book |last=Metzl |first=Jonathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1Bg9QEiCAMC&pg=PA14 |title=The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease |publisher=Beacon Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8070-8592-9 |page=14}}</ref>{{rp|14}}

According to Nicholas Kittrie, a number of phenomena considered "deviant", such as [[alcoholism]], [[drug addiction]], [[prostitution]], [[pedophilia]], and masturbation ("self-abuse"), were originally considered as moral, then legal, and now medical problems.<ref name="Manning">{{cite book |last=Manning |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lc4OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The therapeutic community movement: charisma and routinization |publisher=Routledge |year=1989 |isbn=0-415-02913-9 |location=London |page=1}}</ref>{{rp|1}}<ref name="Kittrie">{{cite book |last=Kittrie |first=Nicholas |url=https://archive.org/details/righttobediffere00nich |title=The right to be different: deviance and enforced therapy |publisher=Johns Hopkins Press |year=1971 |isbn=0-8018-1319-0 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Innumerable other conditions such as obesity, smoking cigarettes, draft malingering, bachelorhood, divorce, unwanted pregnancy, kleptomania, and grief, have been declared diseases by medical and psychiatric authorities.<ref>{{citation |author=Thomas Szasz |title=The Theology of Medicine |page=109 |year=1977 |publisher=Harper & Row}}</ref> Due to these perceptions, peculiar deviants were subjected to moral, then legal, and now medical modes of social control.<ref name="Manning" />{{rp|1}} Similarly, Conrad and Schneider concluded their review of the medicalization of deviance by identifying three major paradigms that have reigned over deviance designations in different historical periods: deviance as sin; deviance as crime; and deviance as sickness.<ref name="Manning" />{{rp|1}}<ref name="Conrad">{{cite book |last1=Conrad |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYpZjDD67dkC&pg=PA36 |title=Deviance and medicalization: from badness to sickness |last2=Schneider |first2=Joseph |publisher=Temple University Press |year=1992 |isbn=0-87722-999-6 |page=36}}</ref>{{rp|36}}

According to [[Thomas Szasz]], "the [[Therapeutic State|therapeutic state]] swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion".<ref name="Szasz, 2001">{{cite journal |last=Szasz |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Szasz |date=Spring 2001 |title=The Therapeutic State: The Tyranny of Pharmacracy |url=http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_05_4_szasz.pdf |journal=[[The Independent Review]] |volume=V |issue=4 |pages=485–521 |issn=1086-1653 |access-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>{{rp|515}}