Editing Mount Garibaldi (section)

==Geology==
[[File:Mount Garibaldi3.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A prominent, rocky mountain with heavily glaciated lower slopes rising over mountainous terrain and an alpine lake.|Mount Garibaldi, Mount Price and The Table from The Black Tusk]]
Mount Garibaldi is one of the three principal volcanoes in the southern segment of the [[Garibaldi Volcanic Belt]], the other two being [[Mount Price (British Columbia)|Mount Price]] and [[The Black Tusk]].<ref name="HLK"/> It represents the largest volcano in the combined Mount Garibaldi–[[Garibaldi Lake volcanic field]], which encompasses {{Convert|26|km3|mi3|abbr=off}} of volcanic material.<ref name="KD">{{cite book|last=Hickson|first=C. J.|chapter=Character of Volcanism, Volcanic Hazards, and Risk, Northern End of the Cascade Magmatic Arc, British Columbia and Washington State|pages=239, 240|title=Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia|year=1994|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|isbn=0-660-15784-5}}</ref> This [[volcanic field]] consists of at least twelve eruptive centres that are in the form of stratovolcanoes, [[lava dome]]s, [[cinder cone]]s and [[subglacial volcano]]es.<ref name="KD"/><ref name="FC">{{cite journal|last1=Read|first1=Peter B.|year=1990|title=Late Cenozoic Volcanism in the Mount Garibaldi and Garibaldi Lake Volcanic Fields, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Southwestern British Columbia| journal=Articles|volume=17|issue=3|pages=171, 172, 173|publisher=[[Geological Association of Canada]]|issn=1911-4850}}</ref> These include Mount Price, The Black Tusk, [[The Table (British Columbia)|The Table]], [[Cinder Cone (British Columbia)|Cinder Cone]] and [[Round Mountain (British Columbia)|Round Mountain]], all of which formed in the last 1.3&nbsp;million years.<ref name="FC"/> The Mount Garibaldi–Garibaldi Lake volcanic field is normally separated into the Mount Garibaldi and Garibaldi Lake volcanic fields on the basis of differing [[magma]]tic chemistry.<ref name="KD"/> The Mount Garibaldi lavas are [[hypersthene]]-normative [[hawaiite]]s and [[nepheline]]-normative [[mugearite]] with subordinate [[olivine]] [[tholeiites]] whereas the Garibaldi Lake lavas are [[calc-alkaline]] [[basaltic andesite]]s through [[rhyolite]].<ref name="FC"/>

Like other volcanoes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Mount Garibaldi formed as a result of [[subduction]] zone volcanism. As the [[Juan de Fuca Plate]] thrusts under the [[North American Plate]] at the [[Cascadia subduction zone]], it forms volcanoes and volcanic eruptions.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_garibaldi_e.php |title=Garibaldi Volcanic Belt |work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes |date=2009-04-02 |access-date=2011-01-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615214720/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_garibaldi_e.php |archive-date=June 15, 2008 }}</ref> 
===Structure===
[[File:Atwell Peak 1.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A rocky pyramid-shaped mountain peak with forested lower slopes.|Atwell Peak from the south]]
Mount Garibaldi is a moderately eroded stratovolcano overlooking the town of Squamish at the head of [[Howe Sound]] north of Vancouver.<ref name="GVP"/><ref name="HLK"/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Knight|first1=J.|last2=Harrison|first2=S.|title=Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments|publisher=[[Geological Society of London]]|year=2009|page=222|isbn=978-1-86239-281-6}}</ref> It is one of the three Cascade Arc volcanoes made exclusively of dacite, the other two being [[Glacier Peak]] and Mount Cayley. [[Rhyodacite]] is also a common volcanic rock at Mount Garibaldi and Mount Cayley, although high-[[silica]] rhyolite is uniquely present at Mount Garibaldi. Subordinate [[andesite]] erupted at all three volcanoes relatively early in their histories. At Mount Garibaldi, the total volume of volcanic rocks amount to {{Convert|16|to|20|km3|mi3|abbr=off}} and represent many episodes of activity spanning from about 670,000&nbsp;years ago to the [[Holocene]]. Andesite-dacite lavas and their [[Pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] accompaniments from several vents initially filled [[paleovalley]]s glacially incised into the [[Coast Plutonic Complex]] [[Basement (geology)|basement]]. Several dacitic domes and derivative pyroclastic material then built the main volcanic edifice starting about 260,000&nbsp;years ago.<ref name="FG">{{cite book|last=Hildreth|first=Wes|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1744/|title=Quaternary Magmatism in the Cascades—Geologic Perspectives|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|pages=7, 8, 10, 11|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4113-1945-5}}</ref> Much of the volcano was rebuilt in the last 50,000&nbsp;years by a series of violent eruptions similar in character to the [[1902 eruption of Mount Pelée]].<ref name="KE">{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Ben|title=Mt. Garibaldi, SW British Columbia, Canada|work=VolcanoWorld|publisher=[[Oregon State University]]|year=2000|url=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/canada/Final-Gar.html|access-date=2008-05-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731224109/http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/canada/Final-Gar.html|archive-date=2010-07-31}}</ref> The modern {{Convert|6.5|km3|mi3|adj=mid|abbr=off}} volcanic edifice is a [[Wiktionary:supraglacial|supraglacial]] volcano, having been partially constructed over glacial ice during the [[Pleistocene]] epoch.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="HY"/>

[[File:MtGaribaldi-NorthFace-TheTable.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A prominent, glaciated mountain rising over a flat-topped, rocky mountain and a turquoise-coloured alpine lake in the foreground.|Mount Garibaldi and The Table]]
Like many other stratovolcanoes in the Cascade Volcanic Arc, Mount Garibaldi stands out by itself above the surrounding landscape. This is in contrast to most other volcanoes in the Coast Mountains, which are hidden within higher subranges.<ref name="JC"/> The mountain has a proximal relief{{efn|According to Hildreth's definitions, proximal relief refers to the difference between the summit elevation and the highest exposure of old rocks under the main edifice.<ref name="FG"/>}} of {{Convert|1300|m|ft|abbr=off}}, a draping relief{{efn|According to Hildreth's definitions, draping relief marks the difference between the summit elevation and the edifice's lowest distal lava flows (excluding pyroclastic and debris flows).<ref name="FG"/>}} of {{Convert|2375|m|ft|abbr=off}}, an elevation of {{Convert|2678|m|ft|abbr=off}} and a height of {{Convert|700|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="FG"/> With a length of {{Convert|3|km|mi|abbr=off}} and a width of {{Convert|5|km|mi|abbr=off}}, Mount Garibaldi is one of the larger volcanoes in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt.<ref name="HLK"/> The western side of the mountain contains a {{Convert|600|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|abbr=off}} [[escarpment|scarp]] exposing its internal structure.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="JV"/> This scarp formed as a result of collapse of the western flank which produced a debris flow deposit in the Squamish Valley called the [[Cheekye Fan]].<ref name="JV"/><ref name="LR">{{cite journal|last1=Fath|first1=Jared|last2=Clague|first2=John J.|last3=Friele|first3=Pierre|title=Influence of a Large Debris Flow Fan on the Late Holocene Evolution of Squamish River, Southwest British Columbia, Canada|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]|volume=55|page=333|year=2018|issue=4 |issn=1480-3313|doi=10.1139/cjes-2017-0150|bibcode=2018CaJES..55..331F |hdl=1807/82572 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> At the time of its formation, the Cheekye Fan extended across Howe Sound, resulting in the impoundment of a freshwater lake upstream of the fan. The Squamish River subsequently built a [[River delta|delta]] into this lake during the Holocene. It then filled in the lake with sediment over the last 3,300&nbsp;years to create the Squamish River [[floodplain]].<ref name="LR"/>

Mount Garibaldi is bounded by Brohm Ridge on the northwest and by Alice Ridge on the southwest.<ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=1120|name=Brohm Ridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109100930/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/1120.html|archive-date=2022-01-09|access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite bcgnis|id=1008|name=Alice Ridge|access-date=2022-06-18}}</ref> Extending from the southern flank of Mount Garibaldi is the unusually long Ring Creek lava flow. It is dacitic in composition, attains a length of approximately {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=off}} and contains well-defined levees{{efn|Levees are natural embankments that form as a result of periodic overflow of lava or as molten lava pushes cooled lava over the edge of a lava flow.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kīlauea Volcano — Lava Levees|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2018-07-05|url=https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/k-lauea-volcano-lava-levees|access-date=2022-08-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025074931/https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/k-lauea-volcano-lava-levees|archive-date=2021-10-25}}</ref>}} along its margins.<ref name="KE"/> The emplacement of the Ring Creek lava flow altered drainage patterns along a valley bottom downstream, causing Skookum Creek and the Mamquam River to follow the southern margin of the lava flow and Ring Creek to follow along the northern margin. Sediments eroded from the Ring Creek lava flow form an [[alluvial fan]] at the Mamquam River and Skookum Creek confluence.<ref name="KA">{{cite journal|last1=Brooks|first1=Gregory R.|last2=Friele|first2=Pierre|title=Bracketing Ages for the Formation of the Ring Creek Lava Flow, Mount Garibaldi Volcanic Field, Southwestern British Columbia|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]|volume=29|pages=2425, 2426|year=1992|issue=11 |issn=1480-3313|doi=10.1139/e92-190|bibcode=1992CaJES..29.2425B }}</ref> The western slopes of Mount Garibaldi are underlain by [[Shear zone|sheared]] and altered [[quartz diorite]], which has undergone stream and glacial erosion to form rugged [[topography]] with relief up to {{Convert|1800|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="HLK"/>

===Volcanic history===
[[File:Atwell Peak 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A rocky, pyramid-shaped mountain peak towering above lightly snow-covered rocky slopes.|Atwell Peak was the source of pyroclastic flows during Mount Garibaldi's second eruptive stage about 13,000 years ago.]]
At least three stages of eruptive activity contributed to the formation of Mount Garibaldi.<ref name="KW">{{cite journal | last1=Green|first1=Nathan L.|author2=Armstrong, Richard L.|author2-link=Richard Lee Armstrong|author3=Harakal, J. E.|author4=Souther, J. G.|author4-link=Jack Souther|author5=Read, Peter B.|title=Eruptive History and K-Ar Geochronology of the Late Cenozoic Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Southwestern British Columbia|journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]]|publisher=[[Geological Society of America]]|volume=100|issue=4|page=566|year=1988|doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<0563:EHAKAG>2.3.CO;2 |bibcode=1988GSAB..100..563G |issn=0016-7606}}</ref> The initial Cheekye stage took place between 260,000&nbsp;and 220,000&nbsp;years ago with the eruption of dacite and breccia, resulting in the formation of a broad [[composite cone]].<ref name="FC"/><ref name="SL">{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Stephen L.|title=Fire Mountains of the West: The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes|publisher=[[Mountain Press Publishing Company]]|year=1988|pages=283–288|isbn =0-87842-220-X}}</ref> Parts of this "proto-Garibaldi" or ancestral volcano are exposed on Mount Garibaldi's lower northern and eastern flanks and on the upper {{Convert|240|m|ft|abbr=off}} of Brohm Ridge. Around where Columnar Peak and possibly Glacier Pikes are now located, several coalescing dacitic domes were constructed.<ref name="SL"/> Dacite from the western end of Alice Ridge, from Columnar Peak and from Mount Garibaldi have [[K–Ar dating|K–Ar ages]] of 260,000 ± 160,000 years, 220,000 ± 220,000 years and 260,000 ± 130,000 years, respectively.<ref name="KW"/> During the ensuing long period of dormancy, the Cheekye River cut a deep valley into the cone's western flank which was later filled with the Fraser ice sheet.<ref name="FC"/><ref name="SL"/>

After reaching its maximum extent, the Fraser ice sheet was covered with [[volcanic ash]] and fragmented debris from the Atwell Peak stage.<ref name="KW"/><ref name="SL"/> This period of growth began about 13,000&nbsp;years ago with the eruption of the Atwell Peak plug dome from a ridge surrounded by the ice sheet.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="SL"/> As the plug dome rose, massive sheets of broken lava crumbled as [[Scree|talus]] down its sides. Several [[pyroclastic flow]]s generated by [[Peléan eruption]]s accompanied these cooler avalanches, forming a fragmental cone with an overall slope of 12–15 degrees; erosion has since steepened this slope. Some of the glacial ice was melted by the eruptions, forming a small lake against Brohm Ridge's southern arm. The [[volcanic sandstone]]s seen today atop Brohm Ridge were created by ash settling in this lake.<ref name="SL"/>

[[File:Elfin Lakes, Opal Cone.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A forested, cone-shaped hill overshadowed by glaciated mountains rising over two pond-like lakes in the foreground.|Opal Cone, seen here behind the Elfin Lakes, was the source of an extensive dacitic lava flow late in Mount Garibaldi's eruptive history.]]
Glacial overlap was most significant on the west and somewhat to the south.<ref name="SL"/> Subsequent melting of the ice sheet and its component glaciers removed support from the western flank of Mount Garibaldi, resulting in a series of landslides between 12,800&nbsp;and 11,500&nbsp;years ago that moved nearly half of the volcano's volume into the Squamish Valley.<ref name="LR"/><ref name="SL"/><ref name="HC">{{cite web|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php |title=Garibaldi Volcanic Belt: Garibaldi Lake Volcanic Field |work=Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes |date=2009-04-01 |access-date=2022-04-09|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513070258/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_garibaldi_e.php |archive-date=May 13, 2008}}</ref> This catastrophic collapse produced the {{Convert|25|km2|mi2|adj=mid|abbr=off}} Cheekye Fan and the scarp exposing the internal structure of Mount Garibaldi.<ref name="HC"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Friele|first1=Pierre A.|last2=Ekes|first2=C.|last3=Hickin|first3=E. J.|title=Evolution of Cheekye Fan, Squamish, British Columbia: Holocene Sedimentation and Implications for Hazard Assessment|journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]]|publisher=[[NRC Research Press]]|volume=36|issue=12|page=2023|year=1999|issn=1480-3313|doi=10.1139/e99-090}}</ref> Soon before or after the buried ice had melted away, the Dalton Dome stage commenced with the eruption of dacite lava down Mount Garibaldi's north and northeastern flanks.<ref name="SL"/> Another dacite flow issued from Dalton Dome shortly after the ice sheet had receded, having travelled down the landslide scarp on Mount Garibaldi's western flank.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="SL"/> Possibly contemporaneous volcanism occurred at Opal Cone with the eruption of the voluminous Ring Creek lava flow between 10,700&nbsp;and 9,300&nbsp;years ago.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="HC"/> This represents the latest known eruptive event at Mount Garibaldi and the volcano is now considered to be dormant.<ref name="HLK"/><ref name="KA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morison |first1=C.A.G. |last2=Hickson |first2=C.J. |date=2023 |title=Mount Garibaldi: Hazard Potential from a Long-dormant Volcanic System in the Pacific Northwest |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences]] |publisher=Canadian Science Publishing |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=464–484|doi=10.1139/cjes-2022-0067 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023CaJES..60..464M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jakob|first1=M.|last2=Friele|first2=P.|title=Frequency and Magnitude of Debris Flows on Cheekye River, British Columbia|journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]]|volume=114|issue=3|pages=382–395|year=2010|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.08.013 |bibcode=2010Geomo.114..382J |issn=0169-555X}}</ref>

At least two debris flows in the order of {{Convert|100000|m3|ft3|abbr=off}} occurred at Mount Garibaldi in the 1930s and 1950s, both of which swept down the Cheekye River. The 1950s debris flow was caused by heavy rains and reached the Cheakamus River where it formed a {{Convert|5|m|ft|adj=mid|-high|abbr=off}} temporary [[landslide dam]].<ref name="QN">{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=S.G.|last2=Savigny|first2=K.W.|chapter=Landslides in the Vancouver-Fraser Valley-Whistler Region|page=267|title=Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia|year=1994|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|isbn=0-660-15784-5}}</ref> This is the latest debris flow to reach the Cheakamus River from the Cheekye basin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Clague|first1=John J.|last2=Turner|first2=Robert J. W.|last3=Reyes|first3=Alberto V.|title=Record of Recent River Channel Instability, Cheakamus Valley, British Columbia|journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]]|page=322|year=2003|volume=53 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Elsevier]]|doi=10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00321-5 |bibcode=2003Geomo..53..317C |issn=0169-555X}}</ref> In contrast to Mount Cayley and Mount Meager, no [[hot spring]]s are known in the Garibaldi area. However, there is evidence of anomalously high heat flow in Table Meadows and elsewhere.<ref>{{cite report|last=Woodsworth|first=Glenn J.|url=https://aris.empr.gov.bc.ca/ArisReports/27299.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109101020/https://aris.empr.gov.bc.ca/ArisReports/27299.PDF|archive-date=2022-01-09|title=Geology and Geothermal Potential of the AWA Claim Group, Squamish, British Columbia|date=April 2003|page=10|publisher=[[Government of British Columbia]]}}</ref> At least three seismic events have occurred at Mount Garibaldi since 1985, indicating that the volcano is potentially active and poses a significant hazard to the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stasiuk|first1=Mark V.|last2=Hickson|first2=Catherine J.|last3=Mulder|first3=Taimi|journal=Natural Hazards|title=The Vulnerability of Canada to Volcanic Hazards|publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|year=2003|page=569|volume=28|issue=2/3|doi=10.1023/A:1022954829974|bibcode=2003NatHa..28..563S |s2cid=129461798|issn=0921-030X}}</ref>

===Volcanic hazards===
[[File:Trips 03 - Brandywine - Mt Garibaldi (4435874720).jpg|thumb|right|alt=Snow-covered mountains rising over hilly vegetated terrain.|Mount Garibaldi with Mount Price and Clinker Peak in the left-centre]]
[[File:GaribaldiPP-MountGaribalidi.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A snow-covered, cone-shaped mountain overlooking snow-covered and exposed slopes.|Mount Garibaldi as seen from the north-northeast]]
Mount Garibaldi is one of two volcanoes in Canada classified as a very high threat by [[Natural Resources Canada]], the other volcano being Mount Meager {{Convert|95|km|mi|abbr=off}} to the northwest.<ref>{{cite report|last1=Wilson|first1=Alexander M.|last2=Kelman|first2=Melanie C.|title=Assessing the Relative Threats from Canadian Volcanoes|series=Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 8790|pages=32, 34, 50|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|year=2021|doi=10.4095/328950|doi-access=free}}</ref> Although [[Plinian eruption]]s have not been identified at Mount Garibaldi, Peléan eruptions can also produce large amounts of volcanic ash that could significantly affect the nearby communities of Whistler and Squamish. Peléan eruptions might cause short and long term water supply problems for the city of Vancouver and most of the Lower Mainland. The catchment area for the [[Metro Vancouver watersheds|Greater Vancouver watershed]] is downwind from Mount Garibaldi. An eruption producing floods and [[lahar]]s could destroy parts of [[British Columbia Highway 99|Highway 99]], threaten communities such as [[Brackendale, British Columbia|Brackendale]] and endanger water supplies from [[Pitt Lake]]. Fisheries on the Pitt River would also be at risk.<ref name="HC"/> Mount Garibaldi is also close to a major [[airway (aviation)|air traffic route]]; volcanic ash reduces visibility and can cause jet engine failure, as well as damage to other aircraft systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/haz_e.php|title=Volcanic Hazards|work=Volcanoes of Canada|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=2009-04-02|access-date=2022-04-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202075315/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/haz_e.php|archive-date=February 2, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Neal|first1=Christina A. |author-link1=Christina Neal |last2=Casadevall|first2=Thomas J.|last3=Miller|first3=Thomas P.|last4=Hendley II|first4=James W.|last5=Stauffer|first5=Peter H.|title=Volcanic Ash–Danger to Aircraft in the North Pacific|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=2004-10-14|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs030-97/|access-date=2022-04-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718085637/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs030-97/|archive-date=2021-07-18}}</ref> These volcanic hazards become more serious as the Lower Mainland grows in population.<ref name="HC"/>

At the head of the Cheekye River are several fractures and linear scarps that face up-slope. These features, referred to as the Cheekye linears, occur in pyroclastic rocks and interbedded andesitic and dacitic flows on the slopes of Brohm and Alice ridges. They may have formed as a result of sliding of this volcanic sequence along its [[Contact (geology)|contact]] with the underlying basement rocks.<ref name="KG">{{cite journal|last1=Clague|first1=John J.|last2=Friele|first2=Pierre|last3=Hutchinson|first3=Ian|title=Chronology and Hazards of Large Debris Flows in the Cheekye River Basin, British Columbia, Canada|journal=Environmental & Engineering Geoscience|publisher=[[Association of Environmental & Engineering Geologists]]|pages=100, 101|year=2003|volume=9|issue=2|doi=10.2113/9.2.99|bibcode=2003EEGeo...9...99C |issn=1558-9161}}</ref> As a result, the Cheekye linears pose potential landslide hazards to Brackendale and several [[Squamish Nation]] villages nearby.<ref name="KG"/><ref name="OB">{{cite web|last1=Ritchie|first1=Haley|url=https://www.vancouverisawesome.com/courier-archive/real-estate/huge-squamish-mixed-use-development-takes-next-step-3080141|title=Huge Squamish Mixed-use Development Takes Next Step|website=Vancouver Is Awesome|publisher=[[Glacier Media]]|year=2018|access-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> The danger of catastrophic landslides from Mount Garibaldi has restricted development on the Cheekye Fan.<ref name="KG"/> In 2018, a major development on the Cheekye Fan was approved by Squamish council. The project included 537&nbsp;single-family units, 678&nbsp;multi-unit dwellings and a $45 million debris flow barrier to prevent a large landslide from reaching the Cheekye Fan.<ref name="OB"/>

Because dacite is the main type of lava erupted from Mount Garibaldi, lava flows are a low to moderate hazard.<ref name="HLK"/> Dacite is [[felsic]]{{efn|Felsic pertains to magmatic rocks that are enriched with silicon, oxygen, [[aluminum]], [[sodium]] and [[potassium]].<ref name="Pinti2011">{{Citation|last=Pinti|first=Daniele|date=2011|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Astrobiology|page=938|publisher=[[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1893|isbn=978-3-642-11271-3|chapter=Mafic and Felsic}}</ref>}} in composition, containing 62–69% silica content.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tran|first1=Trong-Hoa|last2=Polyakov|first2=Gleb V.|last3=Tran|first3=Tuan-Anh|last4=Borisenko|first4=Alexander S.|last5=Izokh|first5=Andrey E.|last6=Balkin|first6=Pavel A.|last7=Ngo|first7=Thi-Phuong|last8=Pham|first8=Thi-Dung|title=Intraplate Magmatism and Metallogeny of North Vietnam|series=Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences|year=2016|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|page=121|isbn=978-3-319-25233-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Volcano Hazards Program Glossary|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://www.usgs.gov/glossary/volcano-hazards-program-glossary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411121546/https://www.usgs.gov/glossary/volcano-hazards-program-glossary|archive-date=2022-04-11|url-status=live}}</ref> This high percentage in silica content increases the viscosity of dacitic melts relative to that of andesite or [[basalt]], generally resulting in the formation of steep-sided lava domes and stubby lava flows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lava Flows Destroy Everything in Their Path|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/lava-flows-destroy-everything-their-path|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210705104634/https://www.usgs.gov/natural-hazards/volcano-hazards/lava-flows-destroy-everything-their-path|archive-date=2021-07-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gill|first1=Robin|title=Igneous Rocks and Process: A Practical Guide|year=2010|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|page=169|isbn=978-0-632-06377-2|doi=}}</ref> An exception is the {{Convert|15|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|abbr=off}} Ring Creek dacite flow from Opal Cone, a length that is normally attained by basaltic lava flows.<ref name="HC"/>

===Monitoring===
Like other volcanoes in Canada, Mount Garibaldi is not [[prediction of volcanic activity|monitored]] closely enough by the [[Geological Survey of Canada]] to ascertain its activity level. The [[Canadian National Seismograph Network]] has been established to monitor earthquakes throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the mountain. It may sense an increase in seismic activity if Mount Garibaldi becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the volcano has started erupting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/mon_e.php |title=Monitoring Volcanoes |work=Volcanoes of Canada |publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |date=2009-02-26 |access-date=2022-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608220018/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/mon_e.php |archive-date=June 8, 2008 }}</ref> If Mount Garibaldi were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the [[Canada–United States border]] or any eruption that would affect Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/ivenp_e.php |title=Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan (IVENP) |work=Volcanoes of Canada |publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]] |date=2008-06-04 |access-date=2022-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214020541/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/ivenp_e.php |archive-date=February 14, 2009 }}</ref>