Editing Mount Tai (section)

==History==
Traces of human presence at Mount Tai date back to the [[Paleolithic]] period. Evidence of human settlement of the area can be proven from the [[Neolithic]] period onwards. During this time, two cultures had emerged near the mountain, the [[Dawenkou culture]] to the south and the [[Longshan culture]] to the north.

During the [[Xia dynasty]] (c. 2070&ndash;1600&nbsp;BC) the mountain was known as Mount Dai ({{zh|c=岱山|p=Dài Shān}}) and lay within the borders of [[Qingzhou (ancient China)|Qingzhou]], one of the [[Nine Provinces (China)|Nine Provinces of ancient China]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.qingzhou.gov.cn/QZ/mlqz/tzqz/zszc/n589_big5.html|title=Introduction to Qingzhou (青州城市概況)|language=zh|publisher=Qingzhou Government Website|access-date=January 13, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116112944/http://www.qingzhou.gov.cn/QZ/mlqz/tzqz/zszc/n589_big5.html|archive-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref>

Religious worship of Mount Tai has a tradition dating back 3,000 years, from the time of the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] (c. 1600&ndash;1046&nbsp;BC) to the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644&ndash;1912). Over time, this worship evolved into the [[Feng and Shan sacrifices]]. The sacrifices were an official imperial rite and Mount Tai became one of the principal places where the emperor would carry out the sacrifices to pay homage to heaven (on the summit) and earth (at the foot of the mountain) in the Feng ({{zh|c={{linktext|封}}|p=Fēng}}) and Shan ({{zh|c={{linktext|禪}}|p=Shàn}}) sacrifices respectively. The two sacrifices are often referred to together as the Fengshan sacrifices ({{zh|c={{linktext|封|禪}}|p=Fēngshàn}}). Carving of an inscription as part of the sacrifices marked the attainment of the "great peace".<ref name=lewis1999>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8k4xn8CyHAQC&pg=PA208|title=Writing and Authority in Early China|isbn=9780791441145|access-date=31 January 2015|last1=Lewis|first1=Mark Edward|date=18 March 1999}}</ref>

By the time of the [[Zhou dynasty]] (c.&nbsp;1046&ndash;256&nbsp;BC) sacrifices at Mount Tai had become highly ritualized ceremonies in which a local feudal lord would travel there to make sacrifices of food and jade ritual items. These would then be arranged in a ritually correct pattern before being buried on the mountain. In the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (771&ndash;476&nbsp;BC) the [[Ancient Chinese states|vassal states]] of [[Qi (state)|Qi]] and [[Lu (state)|Lu]] bordered Mount Tai to the north and south respectively, from where their feudal lords both made independent sacrifices on Mount Tai. According to Zhou ritual belief, the spirit of Mount Tai would only accept sacrifices offered by a feudal lord, leading [[Confucius]] (in his ''[[Analects]]'' 3.6) to criticize the ministers who offered state sacrifices here after usurping power.<ref>Slingerland, Edward G. (Trans. & Ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6DseYHSfaagC ''Confucius Analects: With Selections from Traditional Commentaries''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405055629/https://books.google.com/books?id=6DseYHSfaagC |date=2023-04-05 }}. [[Indianapolis]], IN: [[Hackett Publishing Company|Hackett]]. 2003. {{ISBN|978-087220-635-9}}. Retrieved November 17, 2012. p.19.</ref> In the ensuing [[Warring States period]] (475&ndash;221&nbsp;BC), to protect itself against invasion, the State of Qi erected a {{convert|500|km|adj=on|sp=us}}-long wall, the ruins of which are still present today. The name ''Tai'an'' of the neighboring city is attributed to the saying "If Mount Tai is stable, so is the entire country" (both characters of ''Tai'an'', "泰" and "安", have the independent meaning of "peace").

In 219&nbsp;BC, [[Qin Shi Huang]], the first [[emperor of China]], held a ceremony on the summit and proclaimed the unity of his empire in a well-known inscription. During the [[Han dynasty]] (206&nbsp;BC&ndash;220&nbsp;AD), the Feng and Shan sacrifices were considered the highest of all sacrifices.<ref name=lewis1999/>

Rituals and sacrifices were conducted by the Sui.<ref name="LagerweyLü2009">{{cite book|author1=John Lagerwey|author2=Pengzhi Lü|title=Early Chinese Religion: The Period of Division (220-589 Ad)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2nWdWbN3MQC&pg=PA84|date=30 October 2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17585-3|pages=84–}}</ref>

The emperors of past dynasties went to Mount Tai to worship the heavens and tell the earth. Confucian Buddhism, preaching, and experience, and cultural figures climbed the mountain, leaving behind a dazzling array of stone inscriptions, cliffs, and couplet stone carvings. The cliff carvings on Mount Tai are also the most famous mountains. There are more than 1,800 stone inscriptions in Mount Tai, including more than 800 steles and 1,000 cliff stone inscriptions, distributed in 157 at Daimiao, 215 at Dailu, 576 at Shantou East Road, 258 at Daiding, more than 80 at Daixi, 44 at Daiyin, more than 400 locations in Lingyan Temple, and more than 100 locations in Shentong Temple. It mainly includes 5 types of sacrificial ceremonies of the emperors of the past dynasties, the creation and restoration of temples, the tomb inscriptions of the stone scriptures, the poems of chants, the scenery and the couplets, most of which are natural stone inscriptions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=泰山："五岳之首"承载华夏至尊|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2006-03/31/content_241157.htm|access-date=2021-05-04|website=www.gov.cn|archive-date=2024-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524140357/https://www.gov.cn/test/2006-03/31/content_241157.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Asuka period|Japan]], India, the [[Peroz III|Persian court in exile]], [[Goguryeo]], [[Baekje]], [[Silla]], the [[Göktürks|Turks]], [[Kingdom of Khotan|Khotan]], the [[Chenla Kingdom|Khmer]], and the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] all had representatives attending the Feng and Shan sacrifices held by [[Emperor Gaozong of Tang]] in 666 at Mount Tai.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrv-6_U5gfwC&pg=PA146 Skaff 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112051428/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrv-6_U5gfwC&pg=PA146 |date=2023-01-12 }}, pp. 146-7.</ref>

Also, Chinese worshippers of the mountain who were not nobles have also played an important role in the history of communities near the mountain and pilgrimage across China.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-04 |title=Mount Tai |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Tai |access-date=2023-11-10 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109203008/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Tai |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2003, Mount Tai attracted around six million visitors. A renovation project was completed in late October 2005, which was aimed at restoring cultural relics and renovating damaged buildings of cultural significance. Widely known for its special ceremonies and sacrifices, Mount Tai has seen visits by many poets and literary scholars who have traveled there seeking inspiration. There are grandiose temples, many stone inscriptions and stone tablets with the mountain playing an important role in the development of both [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chinakungfus.com/tai_mountain.html |title=tai mountain |access-date=2012-08-23 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121071547/http://www.chinakungfus.com/tai_mountain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>