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Music engraving
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=== Plate engraving === [[File:Music Engraving on Metal Plates (with sound).webm|thumb|Music engraving on metal plates, demonstrated by [[G. Henle Verlag]]]] Although [[Engraving|plate engraving]] had been used since the early fifteenth century for creating visual art and maps, it was not applied to music until 1581.<ref name=":0" /> In this method, a mirror image of a complete page of music was engraved onto a metal plate. Ink was then applied to the grooves, and the music print was transferred onto paper. Metal plates could be stored and reused, which made this method an attractive option for music engravers. [[Copper]] was the initial metal of choice for early plates, but by the eighteenth century [[pewter]] became the standard material due to its malleability and lower cost.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Early American Music Engraving and Printing|last = Wolfe|first = Richard J.|publisher = University of Illinois Press|year = 1980|location = Urbana, IL}}</ref> At first, plates were engraved freely by hand. Eventually, music engravers developed a number of tools to aid in their process, including: * A [[rastrum]] to draw staff lines * Scorers for staves and [[Bar (music)|bar lines]], the use of which inspired the term [[Sheet music|musical score]] * Flat gravers for [[ledger line]]s and [[Dynamics (music)|crescendos and diminuendos]] * Elliptical gravers for [[Tie (music)|ties]] * [[Punch (tool)|Punches]] for [[notehead]]s, [[clef]]s, [[Accidental (music)|accidentals]], and letters<ref>{{Cite book|title = Music Publishing in the Canadas, 1800-1867|url = https://archive.org/details/musicpublishingi0000cald|url-access = registration|last = Calderisi|first = Maria|publisher = National Library of Canada|year = 1981|location = Ottawa| isbn=9780660504544 }}</ref> Plate engraving was the methodology of choice for music printing until the late nineteenth century, at which point its decline was hastened by the development of photographic technology.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, the technique has survived to the present day, and is still occasionally used by select publishers such as [[G. Henle Verlag]] in Germany.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.henle.com/en/the-publishing-house/music-engraving/index.html|title = Music Engraving|access-date = November 3, 2014|website = G. Henle Publishers|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171230063138/http://www.henle.com/en/the-publishing-house/music-engraving/index.html|archive-date = December 30, 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>
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