Editing Myiasis (section)

==Cause==
===Life cycle===
The life cycle in sheep is typical of the disease. The female [[Fly|flies]] lay their eggs on the sheep in damp, protected areas of the body that are soaked with urine and feces, mainly the sheep's breech ([[buttocks]]). It takes approximately eight hours to a day for the eggs to hatch, depending on the conditions. Once hatched, the larvae then lacerate the skin with their mouthparts, causing open sores. Once the skin has been breached, the larvae then tunnel through the sores into the host's [[subcutaneous tissue]], causing deep and irritating [[lesion]]s highly subject to infection. After about the second day, [[bacteria]]l [[infection]] is likely and, if left untreated, causes [[bacteremia|bacterial bloodstream infections]] or [[sepsis]]. This leads to [[Anorexia (symptom)|anorexia]] and weakness and is generally fatal if untreated.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13484621|journal=Parassitologia|first=M.J.R.|last=Hall|title=Traumatic myiasis of sheep in Europe: a review|date=1997|volume=39|pages=409–413}}</ref>

===Species affecting humans===
There are three main [[Diptera|fly]] families causing economically important myiasis in livestock and also, occasionally, in humans:{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
* [[Calliphoridae]] (blowflies)
** Some examples include ''[[Calliphora vomitoria]]'', ''Calliphora vicina'', and ''[[Cordylobia]]''
* [[Oestridae]] ([[Botfly|botflies]])
* [[Sarcophagidae]] (fleshflies) ''[[Sarcophaga barbata]]'' are usually found in dead and rotting meat and animal excrement, which are prime environments for them. This is because their larvae are facultative [[parasites]], as they feed on organic tissue and use the hosts' oxygen reserve.

Other families occasionally involved are:{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
* [[Anisopodidae]]
* [[Piophilidae]]
* [[Stratiomyidae]]
* [[Syrphidae]]

====Specific myiasis====
Caused by flies that need a host for larval development:
* ''[[Dermatobia hominis]]'' (human botfly)
* ''[[Cordylobia anthropophaga]]'' (tumbu fly)
* ''[[Cordylobia rodhaini]]'' (Lund's fly)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tamir |first1=Jeremy |last2=Haik |first2=Josef |last3=Schwartz |first3=Eli |title=Myiasis with Lund's Fly (Cordylobia rodhaini) in Travelers |journal=Journal of Travel Medicine |date=8 March 2006 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=293–295 |doi=10.2310/7060.2003.2732 |pmid=14531984 |s2cid=21353772 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Oestrus ovis]]'' (sheep botfly)
* ''[[Hypoderma (fly)|Hypoderma]]'' spp. (cattle botflies or ox warbles)
* ''[[Gasterophilus]]'' spp. (horse botfly)
* ''[[Cochliomyia hominivorax]]'' (new world screwworm fly)
* ''[[Chrysomya bezziana]]'' (old world screwworm fly)
* ''[[Auchmeromyia senegalensis]]'' (Congo floor maggot)
* ''[[Cuterebra]]'' spp. (rodent and rabbit botfly)

====Semispecific myiasis====
Caused by flies that usually lay their eggs in decaying animal or vegetable matter, but that can develop in a host if open wounds or sores are present:
* ''[[Lucilia (fly)|Lucilia]]'' spp. (green-bottle fly)<ref name="fu">{{cite journal |last1=Cruz Clavijo |first1=Sara E. |last2=Méndez Rodríguez |first2=Iván A. |title=Furuncular myiasis—Eco-epidemiological view of a case report |journal=Infectio |date=April 2015 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=83–87 |doi=10.1016/j.infect.2014.02.007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Cochliomyia]]'' spp. (screw-worm fly) <ref name="fu"/>
* ''[[Phormia]]'' spp. (black-bottle fly)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdel-Hafeez |first1=Ekhlas H. |last2=Mohamed |first2=Rabie M. |last3=Belal |first3=Usama S. |last4=Atiya |first4=Ahmed M. |last5=Takamoto |first5=Masaya |last6=Aosai |first6=Fumie |title=Human wound myiasis caused by Phormia regina and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis in Minia Governorate, Egypt |journal=Parasitology Research |date=October 2015 |volume=114 |issue=10 |pages=3703–3709 |doi=10.1007/s00436-015-4599-4|pmid=26122995 |s2cid=253974900 }}</ref>
* ''[[Calliphora]]'' spp. (blue-bottle fly)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salvetti |first1=Massimo |last2=Corbellini |first2=Claudia |last3=Aggiusti |first3=Carlo |last4=Rosei |first4=Enrico Agabiti |last5=Muiesan |first5=Maria Lorenza |title=Calliphora vicina human myiasis: a case report |journal=Internal and Emergency Medicine |date=September 2012 |volume=7 |issue=S2 |pages=135–137 |doi=10.1007/s11739-011-0720-6|pmid=22045266 |s2cid=2383454 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''[[Sarcophaga]]'' spp. (flesh fly or sarcophagids)

Flesh flies, or ''sarcophagids'', members of the family ''Sarcophagidae'', can cause [[Intestine|intestinal]] myiasis in humans if the females lay their eggs on meat or fruit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Najjari |first1=Mohsen |last2=Dik |first2=Bilal |last3=Pekbey |first3=Gamze |title=Gastrointestinal Myiasis Due to Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Mashhad, Iran: a Case Report |journal=Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases |date=7 November 2020 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=317–324 |doi=10.18502/jad.v14i3.4565|pmid=33644245 |pmc=7903363 }}</ref>

====Accidental myiasis====
Accidental myiasis is also called pseudomyiasis. It is caused by flies that have no preference or need to develop in a host but may do so on rare occasions. Transmission occurs through accidental deposit of eggs on oral or genitourinary openings, or by swallowing eggs or larvae that are on food.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The [[cheese fly]] (''Piophila casei'') sometimes causes myiasis through intentional consumption of its maggots (which are contained in the traditional Sardinian delicacy [[casu marzu]]).<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1001/jama.1952.72930200005011b |title=Intestinal Infestation with Maggots of the "Cheese Fly" (''Piophila Casei'') |date=May 17, 1952 |last1=Peckenschneider |first1=L. E. |journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=149 |issue=3 |page=262 |pmid=14927333 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/314735 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/537288|title=Gastrointestinal Myiasis – Report of a case, Alonzo F. Brand, M.D., Arch Intern Med (Chic). 1931;47(1):149–154. doi:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140190160017|journal=Archives of Internal Medicine|date=January 1931|volume=47|issue=1|pages=149–154|doi=10.1001/archinte.1931.00140190160017|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109181904/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/537288|archive-date=9 January 2018|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other flies that can accidentally cause myiasis are:<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S187140480900032X|title=Oral myiasis caused by Musca domestica larvae in a child|author=Sunder Singh Dogra, Vikram K. Mahajan|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology Extra|year=2010|volume=5|issue=3|pages=105–107|doi=10.1016/j.pedex.2009.05.002|access-date=21 October 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Aydenizoz, M.|author2= Gokpınar, S.|url=http://ijvar.org/index.php/ijvar/article/view/473|title=Urogenital (by Psychoda albipennis (Diptera: Nematocera)) and Intestinal Myiasis (by Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Fanniidae)) in Kırıkkale/Turkey: Report Two Cases.|journal=International Journal of Veterinary and Animal Research|date=26 December 2020|volume=3|issue=3|pages=2020–2023|access-date=24 October 2021|eissn=2651-3609}}</ref>
* ''[[Musca domestica]]'' (housefly)
* ''[[Fannia (fly)|Fannia]]'' spp. (latrine flies)
* ''[[Eristalis tenax]]'' (rat-tailed maggots)
* ''[[Muscina]] spp.

The adult flies are not parasitic, but when they lay their eggs in open [[wound]]s and these hatch into their [[larva]]l stage (also known as [[maggot]]s or [[Larva|grub]]s), the larvae feed on live or necrotic tissue, causing myiasis to develop. They may also be ingested or enter through other body apertures.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}