Editing Nancy Cartwright (section)

===''The Simpsons''===
[[File:Nancy Cartwright.jpg|thumb|right|Cartwright in 2007]]
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Cartwright voices the character [[Bart Simpson]] on the long-running animated television show ''[[The Simpsons]]''. On March 13, 1987, she auditioned for a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family that was to appear on ''[[The Tracey Ullman Show]]'', a sketch comedy program. Cartwright had intended to audition for the role of [[Lisa Simpson]], the elder daughter. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the middle child and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever".<ref>Cartwright, pp. 35–40</ref> Creator [[Matt Groening]] let her try out for Bart and gave her the job on the spot.<ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm |title=Bart's voice tells all |access-date=February 5, 2009 |date=November 10, 2000 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Bart's voice came naturally to Cartwright, as she had previously used elements of it in ''My Little Pony'', ''Snorks'', and ''Pound Puppies''.<ref name="My Boy" /> Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform compared with other characters.<ref name="My Boy" /> The recording of the shorts was often primitive; the dialog was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio above the bleachers on the set of ''The Tracey Ullman Show''. Cartwright, the only cast member to have been professionally trained in voice acting,{{sfn|Turner|2004|p=21}} described the sessions as "great fun".<ref name="P43" /> However, she wanted to appear in the live-action sketches and occasionally showed up for recording sessions early, hoping to be noticed by a producer.<ref name="P43">Cartwright, pp. 43–50.</ref>

In 1989, the shorts were spun off into a half-hour show on the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox network]] called ''The Simpsons''. Bart quickly became the show's [[List of breakout characters|breakout personality]] and one of the most celebrated characters on television—his popularity in 1990 and 1991 was known as "Bartmania".{{sfn|Turner|2004|pp=120–121}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Cartoon leads a revolt against apple-pie family&nbsp;— Simpsons |date=July 8, 1990 |author=Cassidy, John |work=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22062437-5009160,00.html |title=Simpsons set for big screen |access-date=February 7, 2009 |date=July 15, 2007 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |archive-date=March 1, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301032414/http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,22062437-5009160,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D71F3AF93AA15757C0A966958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=4 |title=Cashing in on a Hot New Brand Name |author=Kleinfield, N.R. |access-date=February 7, 2009 |date=April 29, 1990 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Bart was described as "television's brightest new star" by Mike Boone of ''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Bart Simpson was ray of hope in a year of generally drab television |date=December 30, 1990 |author=Boone, Mike |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]}}</ref> and was named 1990's "entertainer of the year" by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://ew.com/article/1990/12/28/bart-simpson-1990-entertainer-year/ |title=1. Bart Simpson |access-date=September 15, 2008 |date=December 28, 1990 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |author=Harris, Mark |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103192921/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,318928,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite Bart's fame, however, Cartwright remained relatively unknown. During the first season of ''The Simpsons'', Fox ordered Cartwright not to give interviews, because they did not want to publicize the fact that Bart was voiced by a woman.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bart Simpson's secret: he's a woman |author=Bark, Ed |date=July 15, 1990 |work=[[Ottawa Citizen]]}}</ref> Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have "no obvious traces of Bart",<ref name="My Boy">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/aug/02/broadcasting.edinburgh04 |title=That's my boy |author=Brockes, Emma |access-date=February 5, 2009 |date=August 2, 2004 |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> and she believes her role is "the best acting job in the world"<ref name="My Boy" /> since she is rarely recognized in public.<ref name="Eat my shorts" /> When she is recognized and asked to perform Bart's voice in front of children, Cartwright refuses because it "freaks [them] out".<ref name="My Boy" /> Bart's catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, referring to an incident from her high school days. Once while performing, members of the Fairmont West High School marching band switched their chant from the usual "Fairmont West! Fairmont West!" to the irreverent "Eat my shorts!" Cartwright felt it appropriate for Bart, and improvised the line; it became a popular catchphrase on the show.<ref name=Trivia>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml |title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers |access-date=July 29, 2007 |date=July 26, 2007 |author=Carroll, Larry |publisher=[[MTV]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220140402/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml |archive-date=December 20, 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:The Simpsons star.jpg|thumb|left|In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of the Simpson family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.]]
Cartwright voices several other characters on the show, including [[Nelson Muntz]], [[Ralph Wiggum]], [[List of recurring The Simpsons characters#Todd Flanders|Todd Flanders]], [[List of recurring The Simpsons characters#Kearney Zzyzwicz|Kearney]], and [[List of recurring The Simpsons characters#Database|Database]].{{sfn|Richmond & Coffman|1997 |pp=178–179}} She first voiced Nelson in the episode "[[Bart the General]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 1)|season one]], 1990). The character was to be voiced by [[Dana Hill]], but Hill missed the recording session and Cartwright was given the role.<ref>Cartwright, pp. 102–103.</ref> She developed Nelson's voice on the spot and describes him as "a throat-ripper".<ref name=Sentinel>{{cite news |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment/movies/orl-ent-cartwright072507,0,318783.story |title=Nancy Cartwright, voice of Bart Simpson, has personal theme: 'Simpsons Forever' |access-date=September 13, 2008 |date=July 25, 2007 |author=Moore, Roger |work=[[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> Ralph Wiggum had originally been voiced by [[Jo Ann Harris]], but Cartwright was assigned to voice the character in "[[Bart the Murderer]]" ([[The Simpsons (season 3)|season three]], 1991).<ref>Cartwright, p. 107.</ref> Todd Flanders, the only voice for which Cartwright used another source, is based on Sherman (voiced by [[Walter Tetley]]), the boy from ''[[Mister Peabody|Peabody's Improbable History]]'', a series of shorts aired on ''[[The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show]]''.<ref name=Sentinel />

Cartwright received a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance]] in 1992 for her performance as Bart in the episode "[[Separate Vocations]]"<ref name="PTE">{{cite web|url=http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |title=Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search |publisher=Emmys.org |access-date=February 5, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330160256/http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php |archive-date=March 30, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Briefing–'Simpsons' score big in Prime-Time Emmys |date=August 3, 1992 |page=L20 |newspaper=[[Daily News of Los Angeles]]}}</ref> and an [[Annie Award]] in 1995 for Best Voice Acting in the Field of Animation.<ref name="A23">{{cite news|url=http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html |title=Legacy: 23rd Annual Annie Award Nominees and Winners (1995) |access-date=February 5, 2009 |publisher=Annie Awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204550/http://annieawards.org/23rdwinners.html |archive-date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Bart was named one of the [[Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century|100 most important people of the 20th century]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205161934/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 5, 2005 |title=TIME Magazine Cover: Bart Simpson |access-date=May 16, 2007 |date=December 31, 1990 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and in 2000, Bart and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]], located at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=September 4, 2008 |url=http://www.tibp.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.dll/wlx/dir/wlxdirectory?cc=WOFAME++++&lcName=The+Simpsons |title=Hollywood Icons |publisher=Hollywood Chamber of Commerce }}</ref>

Until 1998, Cartwright was paid $30,000 per episode. During a pay dispute in 1998, Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors and made preparations for casting new actors.<ref name=Glaister /> The dispute was resolved, however, and Cartwright received $125,000 per episode until 2004, when the voice actors demanded $360,000 an episode.<ref name=Glaister>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/04/02/1080544690429.html |title=Simpsons actors demand bigger share |access-date=February 5, 2009 |date=April 3, 2004 |author=Glaister, Dan |work=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne}}</ref> A compromise was reached after a month,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/simpsons-cast-goes-back-to-work/ |title='Simpsons' Cast Goes Back To Work |access-date=February 5, 2009 |date=May 1, 2004 |work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> and Cartwright's pay rose to $250,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Simpsons |date=May 6, 2004 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|Daily Express]] |author=Sheridan, Peter}}</ref> Salaries were re-negotiated in 2008 with the voice actors receiving approximately $400,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news |title=Simpsons cast sign new pay deal |work=BBC News |date=June 3, 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7434296.stm |access-date=February 5, 2009}}</ref> Three years later, with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut, Cartwright and the other cast members accepted a 25 percent pay cut, down to just over $300,000 per episode.<ref>{{cite news |last=Block |first=Alex Ben |title='The Simpsons' Renewed for Two More Seasons |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/simpsons-renewed-two-more-seasons-245748 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=October 15, 2011 |date=October 7, 2011}}</ref>