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Nanosensor
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=== Top-down methods === ==== Lithography ==== It involves starting out with a larger block of some material and carving out the desired form. These carved out devices, notably put to use in specific [[MEMS sensor generations|microelectromechanical systems]] used as microsensors, generally only reach the [[microscopic scale|micro]] size, but the most recent of these have begun to incorporate nanosized components.<ref name="F1" /> One of the most common method is called electron beam lithography. Although very costly, this technique effectively forms a distribution of circular or ellipsoidal plots on the two dimensional surface. Another method is electrodeposition, which requires conductive elements to produce miniaturized devices.<ref name=":6">Pison, U., Giersig, M., & Schaefer, Alex. (2014). US 8846580 B2. Berlin, Germany.</ref> ==== Fiber pulling ==== This method consists in using a tension device to stretch the major axis of a fiber while it is heated, to achieve nano-sized scales. This method is specially used in optical fiber to develop optical-fiber-based nanosensors.<ref name=":2" /> ==== Chemical etching ==== Two different types of chemical etching have been reported. In the [https://patents.google.com/patent/US4469554A/en#patentCitations Turner method], a fiber is etched to a point while placed in the meniscus between [[hydrofluoric acid]] and an organic [[overlayer]]. This technique has been shown to produce fibers with large taper angles (thus increasing the light reaching the tip of the fiber) and tip diameters comparable to the pulling method. The second method is tube etching, which involves etching an optical fiber with a single-component solution of [[hydrogen fluoride]]. A silica fiber, surrounded with an organic [[Cladding (fiber optics)|cladding]], is polished and one end is placed in a container of hydrofluoric acid. The acid then begins to etch away the tip of the fiber without destroying the cladding. As the silica fiber is etched away, the polymer cladding acts as a wall, creating microcurrents in the hydrofluoric acid that, coupled with [[capillary action]], cause the fiber to be etched into the shape of a cone with large, smooth tapers. This method shows much less susceptibility to environmental parameters than the Turner method.<ref name=":2" />
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