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=== Limitations === In 1973 the cargo ship ''MV Muirfield'' (a merchant vessel named after [[Muirfield]], [[Scotland]]) struck an unknown object in the [[Indian Ocean]] in waters charted at a depth of greater than 5,000 metres (16,404 ft), resulting in extensive damage to her [[keel]].<ref>Calder, Nigel. ''How to Read a Navigational Chart: A Complete Guide to the Symbols, Abbreviations, and Data Displayed on Nautical Charts.'' International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press, 2002.</ref> In 1983, [[HMAS Moresby (1963)|HMAS ''Moresby'']], a [[Royal Australian Navy]] [[survey ship]], surveyed the area where ''Muirfield'' was damaged, and charted in detail a previously unsuspected hazard to navigation, the [[Muirfield Seamount]]. The dramatic accidental discovery of the Muirfield Seamount is often cited as an example of limitations in the vertical [[geodetic datum]] accuracy of some offshore areas as represented on nautical charts, especially on small-[[Level of measurement|scale]] charts. A similar incident involving a passenger ship occurred in 1992 when the [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] liner ''[[Queen Elizabeth 2]]'' struck a submerged rock off [[Block Island]] in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref>British Admiralty. ''The Mariner's Handbook''. 1999 edition, page 23.</ref> In November 1999, the [[semi-submersible]], [[heavy-lift ship]] ''[[Mighty Servant 2]]'' capsized and sank after hitting an uncharted single underwater isolated pinnacle of granite off Indonesia. Five crew members died and ''Mighty Servant 2'' was declared a total loss.<ref>{{cite web | title=Maritime Casualties 1999 And Before | url=http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_casualties_a.html | work=The Cargo Letter | year=2007 | access-date=August 25, 2018 | archive-date=December 16, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216192817/http://www.cargolaw.com/presentations_casualties_a.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> More recently, in 2005 the submarine [[USS San Francisco (SSN-711)|USS ''San Francisco'']] ran into an uncharted [[seamount]] (sea mountain) about 560 kilometres (350 statute miles) south of Guam at a speed of {{convert|35|kn|mph km/h|1|lk=in}}, sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman. In September 2006 the [[jack-up barge]] ''Octopus'' ran aground on an uncharted sea mount within the [[Orkney Islands]] (United Kingdom) while being towed by the tug ''Harold''. Β£1M worth of damage was caused to the barge and delayed work on the installation of a tidal energy generator prototype. As stated in the Mariners Handbook and subsequent accident report: "No chart is infallible. Every chart is liable to be incomplete".<ref>Marine Investigation Accident Branch (2007) Report Number 18/2007.</ref>
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