Editing Need for power (section)

===Thematic apperception test===
To determine how strongly an individual felt each of the three needs, McClelland used the [[thematic apperception test]] (TAT), which is designed to uncover a person's unconscious drives, emotions, wants and needs. During the test, a psychologist shows an individual a series of picture cards depicting ambiguous situations and asks them to tell a story about each image. The psychologist then interprets those stories to identify desires or personality traits the individual may be unaware of or want to hide.<ref>Teglasi, Hedwig. "Essentials of TAT and Other Storytelling Assessments". Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010</ref> Several empirical studies have demonstrated that the TAT cannot detect mental illness at a rate higher than chance,<ref>Wildman, R.W., & Wildman, R.W. II. (1975). An investigation into the comparative validity of several diagnostic tests and test batteries. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 455-458</ref><ref>Lilianfeld, S., Wood, J., & Garb, H. [http://www.therapiebreve.be/documents/lilienfeld-ea-2000.pdf The scientific status of projective techniques.] Psychological Science in the Public Interest.</ref> and the inter-rater validity as measured by [[Cronbach's alpha]] (the likelihood of two psychologists providing similar interpretations of the same person's results) is low, especially if the clinician gives a subjective interpretation instead of using the test's original scoring system.<ref name="auto">Meyer, G. [http://psychology.utoledo.edu/images/users/16/Meyer%20(2004,%20CHoPA)%20Reliability%20and%20Validity%20of%20the%20Rorschach%20and%20TAT.pdf The reliability and validity of the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test compared to other psychological and medical instruments.]</ref><ref>Gruber, N. & Kreuzpointner, L. [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0079450 Measuring the Reliability of Picture Story Exercises like the TAT]. PLOS</ref> However, proponents of the TAT argue that Cronbach's alpha is artificially low for tests with a small number of items, and that the TAT provides a more detailed and flexible description of an individual than a structured questionnaire.<ref name="auto"/>