Editing Negative campaigning (section)

== Causes ==
Studies have shown a variety of different negativity's predictors. Some of the negativity's drivers stated are: The attacker's personality traits ([[Big Five personality traits|Big Five]], [[Dark triad|Dark Triad]], [[Populism]]),<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Nai |first=Alessandro |date=July 2020 |title=Going Negative, Worldwide: Towards a General Understanding of Determinants and Targets of Negative Campaigning |journal=Government and Opposition |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=430–455 |doi=10.1017/gov.2018.32 |s2cid=149757039 |issn=0017-257X|doi-access=free |hdl=11245.1/cfbbf8d9-a6b9-4113-9040-d8d902db6028 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> the media environment,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iyengar |first=Shanto |title=Media politics: A citizen's guide. |publisher=WW Norton & Co |year=2019 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and election-related factors<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Maier |first1=Jürgen |last2=Jansen |first2=Carolin |date=September 2017 |title=When do candidates attack in election campaigns? Exploring the determinants of negative candidate messages in German televised debates |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354068815610966 |journal=Party Politics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=549–559 |doi=10.1177/1354068815610966 |s2cid=147764996 |issn=1354-0688|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elmelund-Præstekær |first=Christian |date=March 2010 |title=Beyond American negativity: toward a general understanding of the determinants of negative campaigning |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-political-science-review/article/abs/beyond-american-negativity-toward-a-general-understanding-of-the-determinants-of-negative-campaigning/DD274B1E509301F4BA1081D6EFD9ADE4 |journal=European Political Science Review |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=137–156 |doi=10.1017/S1755773909990269 |s2cid=145008948 |issn=1755-7747|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansen |first1=Kasper M. |last2=Pedersen |first2=Rasmus Tue |date=December 2008 |title=Negative Campaigning in a Multiparty System |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00213.x |journal=Scandinavian Political Studies |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=408–427 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9477.2008.00213.x|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> (competitiveness, a candidate's rank in polls, type of election, party system).