Editing Neuroptera (section)

==Phylogeny==

Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places the Megaloptera as [[Sister group|sister]] to Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage, though these results were considered tentative.<ref name="YueSong2018">{{cite journal |last1=Yue |first1=Bi-Song |last2=Song |first2=Nan |last3=Lin |first3=Aili |last4=Zhao |first4=Xincheng |title=Insight into higher-level phylogeny of Neuropterida: Evidence from secondary structures of mitochondrial rRNA genes and mitogenomic data |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=2018 |pages=e0191826 |issn=1932-6203 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0191826|pmid=29381758 |pmc=5790268 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1391826S|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Yan>{{cite journal |author1=Yan, Y. |author2=Wang Y, Liu, X. |author3=Winterton, S. L. |author4=Yang, D. |title=The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and Split-footed Lacewing (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia |journal=Int J Biol Sci |date=2014 |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=895–908 |doi=10.7150/ijbs.9454 |pmid=25170303 |pmc=4147223}}</ref> The [[fossil]] record has contributed to the understanding of the group's phylogeny.<ref name="Grimaldi"/><ref>Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, 2005, pages xv-755</ref><ref>Engel, M. S. & Grimaldi, D. A., 2007: The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida: Megaloptera, Neuroptera). ''American Museum Novitates'': #3587, pages 1-58</ref><ref>Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2. McGrew-Hill Book Company</ref> Relationships within the [[Myrmeleontiformia]] are still in flux.<ref>Jones, J.R. (2019) Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification. ''Zoologica Scripta'': 06 October 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12382</ref>

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A phylogenomic analysis published in 2023 confirmed the topology of the neuropterid orders and found the relationships between the families of Neuropterida as shown in the following phylogenetic tree.<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Cai |first1=Chen-Yang |last2=Tihelka |first2=Erik |last3=Liu |first3=Xing-YUE |last4=Engel |first4=Michael S. |title=Improved modelling of compositional heterogeneity reconciles phylogenomic conflicts among lacewings |year=2023 |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=6 |s2cid=257245897 |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.6.1.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Neuropterida]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Raphidioptera]] (snakeflies) [[File:Snakefly R. confinis? (cropped).jpg|100px]]
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Megaloptera]] (alderflies and allies) [[File:Schlammfliege Sialis sp 5325.jpg|100px]]
      |2={{clade
         |label1='''Neuroptera'''
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |label1=[[Coniopterygoidea]]
               |1=[[Coniopterygidae]] (dustywings) 
               |label2=[[Euneuroptera]]
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |label1=[[Osmyloidea]]
                     |1={{clade
                        |1=[[Osmylidae]] (giant lacewings) [[File:Oedosmylus sp crop.jpg|125px]]
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=[[Nevrorthidae]]
                           |2=[[Sisyridae]] (spongillaflies)
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                     |1={{clade
                        |label1=[[Dilaroidea]]
                        |1=[[Dilaridae]] (pleasing lacewings) 
                        }}
                     |label2=
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |label1=[[Chrysopoidea]]
                           |1=[[Chrysopidae]] (green lacewings) [[File:Chrysoperla carnea Guldoeje.jpg|100px]]
                           |label2=[[Mantispoidea]]
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=[[Rhachiberothidae]] (thorny lacewings)
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=[[Mantispidae]] (mantidflies) [[File:Mantispidae fg1.jpg|100px]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1=[[Symphrasinae]]
                                    |2=[[Berothidae]] (beaded lacewings)
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                           |label1=[[Neoneuroptera]]
                           |1={{clade
                              |label1=
                              |1=[[Hemerobiidae]] (brown lacewings) [[File:Micromus variegatus01.jpg|100px]]
                              |label2=[[Geoneuroptera]]
                              |2={{clade
                                 |label1=[[Ithonoidea]]
                                 |1=[[Ithonidae]] (moth lacewings) [[File:Rapisma sp- India crop.jpg|75px]]
                                 |label2=[[Myrmeleontiformia]]
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |label1=[[Psychopsoidea]]
                                    |1=[[Psychopsidae]] (silky lacewings) |image1= [[File:Silky Lacewing (6769953805).jpg|75px]]
                                    |label2=[[Myrmeleontoidea]]
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1=[[Nymphidae]] (split-footed lacewings) |image1=[[File:Nymphes myrmeleonoides (3155078680) crop.jpg|75px]]
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=[[Nemopteridae]] (spoonwings) |image1=[[File:Nemoptera sp. MHNT.ZOO.2004.0.736.jpg|75px]]
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=[[Myrmeleontidae]] (antlions) |image1= [[File:Distoleon tetragrammicus01.jpg|75px]]
                                             |2=[[Ascalaphidae]] (owlflies) |image2=[[File:Libelloides coccajus 210505.jpg|75px]]
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}


===Taxonomy===
Review of the Neropterid group orders by Engel, Winterton, and Breitkreuz (2018) included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades, an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder "[[Hemerobiiformia]]" and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade.<ref name="Wings">{{cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M. S. |last2=Winterton |first2=S. L. |last3=Breitkreuz |first3=L. C. |date=2018 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=63 |pages=531–551 |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043127|pmid=29324039 }}</ref>

'''Neuroptera'''
*'''Superfamily [[Coniopterygoidea]]'''
** family [[Coniopterygidae]] dustywings (Late Jurassic–Present)
* Clade '''Euneuroptera'''
**'''Superfamily [[Osmyloidea]]'''
*** Family [[Osmylidae]]: osmylids (Early Jurassic–Present)
*** Family [[Sisyridae]]: spongillaflies (Late Cretaceous–Present)
*** Family [[Nevrorthidae]] {{#tag:ref|"Neurorthidae" is a ''[[lapsus]]''.|group=Note}} (Late Cretaceous–Present)
*** Family †[[Archeosmylidae]] (Permian–Triassic)
*** Family †[[Saucrosmylidae]] (Middle Jurassic)
**'''Superfamily [[Dilaroidea]]'''
*** Family [[Dilaridae]]: pleasing lacewings (Late Cretaceous–Present)
** '''Superfamily [[Mantispoidea]]'''
*** Family [[Berothidae]]: beaded lacewings (Late Jurassic–Present)
*** Family [[Mantispidae]]: mantidflies (including †[[Dipteromantispidae]]) (Jurassic–Present)
*** Family †[[Mesoberothidae]] (including †[[Mesithonidae]]) (Triassic)
*** Family [[Rhachiberothidae]]: thorny lacewings (Early Cretaceous–Present)
** Clade '''Neoneuroptera'''
*** '''Superfamily [[Hemerobioidea]]''' (inc. [[Chrysopoidea]])
**** Family †[[Ascalochrysidae]] 
**** Family [[Chrysopidae]]: green lacewings (including †[[Mesochrysopidae]]) (Jurassic–Present)
**** Family [[Hemerobiidae]]: brown lacewings (Jurassic–Present)
**** Family †[[Osmylitidae]]  
**** Family †[[Solenoptilidae]]
*** Clade '''Geoneuroptera'''
**** '''Superfamily [[Ithonioidea]]'''
***** Family [[Ithonidae]]: moth lacewings (includes Rapismatidae and Polystoechotidae) (Early Jurassic–Present)
**** Clade '''[[Myrmeleontiformia]]'''
***** '''Superfamily [[Myrmeleontoidea]]''' (syn [[Nemopteroidea]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Engel, M. S. |author2=Grimaldi, D. A. |year=2008 |title=Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta) |journal=Nova Supplementa Entomologica |volume=20 |pages=1–86}}</ref>)
****** Family [[Ascalaphidae]]: owlflies
****** Family †[[Babinskaiidae]]  (Cretaceous)
****** Family [[Myrmeleontidae]]: antlions (includes Palaeoleontidae) (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family [[Nemopteridae]]: spoonwings etc (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family [[Nymphidae]]: split-footed lacewings (includes Myiodactylidae) (Cretaceous–Present)
****** Family †[[Rafaelianidae]]
***** '''Superfamily [[Psychopsoidea]]'''
****** Family †[[Aetheogrammatidae]]
****** Family †[[Kalligrammatidae]]  (Jurassic–Late Cretaceous)
****** Family †[[Osmylopsychopidae]] ([[junior synonym|syn]] †Brongniartiellidae) 
****** Family †[[Panfiloviidae]] (syn †[[Grammosmylidae]])
****** Family †[[Prohemerobiidae]]
****** Family [[Psychopsidae]]: silky lacewings (Late Triassic–Present)

The fossil genus †''[[Mesohemerobius]]'' {{small|Ping, 1928}} from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as ''[[incertae sedis]]'' within Neuroptera, while the fossil families †[[Permoberothidae]] and †[[Permithonidae]] are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera + Megaloptera.<ref name="Wings"/>