Editing New Harmony, Indiana (section)

=== Accomplishments ===
[[Image:New Harmony, Indiana, por F. Bates.jpg|thumb|New Harmony, a utopian attempt; depicted as proposed by [[Robert Owen]]]]

==== Science ====
Although Robert Owen's vision of New Harmony as an advance in social reform was not realized, the town became a scientific center of national significance, especially in the natural sciences, most notably geology.

[[William Maclure]] (1763–1840), president of the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]] from 1817 to 1840, came to New Harmony during the winter of 1825–1826.<ref name=Pitzer/> Maclure brought a group of noted artists, educators, and fellow scientists, including naturalists [[Thomas Say]] and [[Charles-Alexandre Lesueur]], to New Harmony from Philadelphia aboard the [[keelboat]] ''Philanthropist'' (also known as the "Boatload of Knowledge").<ref>Janet R. Walker, ''Wonder Workers on the Wabash'' (New Harmony, IN: Historic New Harmony, 1999), pp. 9–10.</ref>

[[Thomas Say]] (1787–1834), a friend of Maclure, was an entomologist and conchologist. His definitive studies of shells and insects, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], the [[Rocky Mountains]], [[Mexico]], and elsewhere made him an internationally known naturalist.<ref>Walker, p. 11.</ref> Say has been called the father of American descriptive [[entomology]] and American [[conchology]].<ref name=Pitzer/> Prior to his arrival at New Harmony, he served as librarian for the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, curator at the [[American Philosophical Society]], and professor of natural history at the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Pitzer/> Say died in New Harmony in 1834.<ref name="Wilson, p. 184">Wilson, p. 184.</ref>

[[Charles-Alexandre Lesueur]] (1778–1846), a naturalist and artist, came to New Harmony aboard the ''Philanthropist''. His sketches of New Harmony provide a visual record of the town during the Owenite period. As a naturalist, Lesueur is known for his classification of Great Lakes fishes. He returned to his native France in 1837.<ref>Walker, pp. 15–16.</ref><ref>Wilson, p. 146.</ref> Many species were first described by both Say and Lesueur, and many have been named in their honor.

[[File:LesueurChurch.jpg|thumb|The Church of the Harmonists sketch by [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur]], from the collection of the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]], one of many sketches preserved in the Lesueur Collection at the Academy]]

[[David Dale Owen]] (1807–1860), third son of Robert Owen, finished his formal education as a medical doctor in 1837. However, after returning to New Harmony, David Dale Owen was influenced by the work of Maclure and [[Gerard Troost]], a Dutch geologist, mineralogist, zoologist, and chemist who arrived in New Harmony in 1825 and later became the state geologist of Tennessee from 1831 to 1850.<ref name=Pitzer/> Owen went on to become a noted geologist. Headquartered at New Harmony, Owen conducted the first official geological survey of Indiana (1837&ndash;39). After his appointment as U.S. Geologist in 1839,<ref>Wilson, p. 199.</ref> Owen led federal surveys from 1839 to 1840 and from 1847 to 1851 of the [[Midwestern United States]], which included [[Iowa]], [[Missouri]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], and part of northern [[Illinois]].<ref>{{cite book | author= Walter B. Hendrickson | title =David Dale Owen, Pioneer Geologist of the Middle West | publisher =Indiana Historical Bureau | series =Indiana Historical Collection | volume =XXVII | year =1943 | location =Indianapolis | pages =41–43, 48–50, 58, 84–86 | oclc=767609}}</ref> In 1846 Owen sampled a number of possible building stones for the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] (the Smithsonian "Castle") and recommended the distinctive [[Seneca Creek (Potomac River)|Seneca Creek]] sandstone of which that building is constructed.<ref name=KimberlingSandstone>{{cite web |author=Clark Kimberling |title=Special Sandstone of the Smithsonian "Castle" |publisher=University of Evansville|url=http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/sandstone.html |access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref> The following year, Owen identified a quarry at Bull Run, twenty-three miles from nation's capital, that provided the stone for the massive building.<ref name=KimberlingSandstone/> Owen became the first state geologist of three states: Kentucky (1854–1857), Arkansas (1857–1859), and Indiana (1837–1839 and 1859–1860).<ref name=Pitzer/><ref>Wilson, p. 199&ndash;200. See also: Hendrickson, ''David Dale Owen'', pp. 116, 128.</ref> Owen's museum and laboratory in New Harmony was known as the largest west of the Allegheny Mountains.<ref>Clark Kimberling, et al.[http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/smithson.html "Smithsonian Institution: World's Largest Museum Complex"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> At the time of Owen's death in 1860, his museum included some 85,000 items.<ref name=Kimber15>Clark Kimberling, [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/imh/view.do?docId=VAA4025-092-1-a01 "David Dale Owen and Joseph Granville Norwood: Pioneer Geologists in Indiana and Illinois"], ''Indiana Magazine of History'' 92, no. 1 (March 1996): 15. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> Among Owen's most significant publications is his ''Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory'' (Philadelphia, 1852).<ref>Hendrickson, p. ''David Dale Owen'', 148. See also: {{cite book|author=Davie D. Owen|title=Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota; and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory, Made under Instructions from the United States Treasury Department |url=https://archive.org/details/reportageologic00owengoog|date=1852 |publisher=Lippincott, Grambo |location=Philadelphia}}</ref>

Several men trained Owen's leadership and influence: [[Benjamin Franklin Shumard]], for whom the Shumard oak is named, was appointed state geologist of Texas by Governor Hardin R. Runnels;<ref>Seymour V. Connor, [http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsh33 "Benjamin Franklin Shumard"], Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</ref> [[Amos Henry Worthen]] was the second state geologist of Illinois and the first curator of the Illinois State Museum;<ref>R. Bruce McMillan, [http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/museummobile/pdfs/thefirstcentury.pdf "The First Century"], ''The Living Museum'' 64, nos. 2 and 3 (summer and fall 2002):4&ndash;13. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> and [[Fielding Bradford Meek]] became the first full-time paleontologist in lieu of salary at the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>Smithsonian Institution Archives, [http://siarchives.si.edu/findingaids/FARU7062.htm "Fielding B. Meek Papers, 1843–1877 and undated" collection guide]. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref> [[Joseph Granville Norwood]], one of David Dale Owen's colleagues and coauthors, also a medical doctor, became the first state geologist of Illinois (1851–1858).<ref name=Kimber15/><ref>Clark Kimberling, et al.  [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/norwood.html "Joseph Granville Norwood"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</ref> From 1851 to 1854, the Illinois State Geological Survey was headquartered in New Harmony.

[[Richard Owen (geologist)|Richard Owen]] (1810–1890), Robert Owen's youngest son, came to New Harmony in 1828 and initially taught school there.<ref name=IHScoll>[[Indiana Historical Society]], [http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf "New Harmony Collection, 1814–1884" collection guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729053341/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/new-harmony-collection-1814-1884.pdf |date=July 29, 2016 }}. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</ref> He assisted his brother, David Dale Owen, with geological survey and became Indiana's second state geologist. During the American Civil War, Colonel Richard Owen was commandant in charge of Confederate prisoners at Camp Morton in Indianapolis.<ref name=Wilson200>Wilson, p. 200.</ref> Following his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1864, Owen became a professor of natural sciences at [[Indiana University]] in Bloomington, where an academic building is named in his honor. In 1872 Owen became the first president of [[Purdue University]], but resigned from this position in 1874. He continued teaching at IU until his retirement in 1879.<ref name=Wilson200/><ref>[http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/richowen.html "Richard Owen"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 18, 2012.</ref>

==== Public service and social reform ====
[[Robert Dale Owen]], eldest son of Robert Owen, was a social reformer and intellectual of national importance. At New Harmony, he taught school and co-edited and published the ''New Harmony Gazette'' with Frances Wright.<ref name=IHScoll/><ref name=Walker23>Walker, p . 23.</ref> Owen later moved to New York. In 1830 he published "Moral Philosophy," the first treatise in the United States to support birth control, and returned to New Harmony in 1834.<ref name=Walker23/> From 1836 to 1838, and in 1851, Owen served in the Indiana legislature and was also a delegate to the state's constitutional convention of 1850.<ref name=IHScoll/> Owen was an advocate for women's rights, free public education, and opposed slavery. As a member of the [[U. S. House of Representatives]] from 1843 to 1847, Owen introduced a bill in 1846 that established the [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref>Wilson, p. 195&ndash;197.</ref> He also served as chairman of the Smithsonian Building Committee. He arranged for his brother, David Dale Owen, to sample a large number of possible building stones for the Smithsonian Castle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/smithson.html|title=SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WORLD'S LARGEST MUSEUM COMPLEX|website=faculty.evansville.edu}}</ref>  From 1852 to 1858 Owen held the diplomatic position of charge d'affairs (1853–1858) in [[Naples, Italy|Naples]], where he began studying spiritualism.<ref name=Wilson19697>Wilson, p. 196&ndash;197.</ref> Owen's book, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170102082340/http://www.northamptonspiritualists.org/Books/FootfallsRDOwen.pdf Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World]'' (1860), aroused something of a literary sensation. Among his critics in the ''Boston Investigator'' and at home in the ''New Harmony Advertiser'' were John and [[Margaret Chappellsmith]], he formerly an artist for David Dale Owen's geological publications, and she a former Owenite lecturer.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Robert Dales Owen died at Lake George, New York, in 1877.<ref name=Wilson19697/>

[[Frances Wright]] (1795&ndash;1852) came to New Harmony in 1824, where she co-edited and wrote for the ''New Harmony Gazette'' with Robert Dale Owen. In 1825 she established an experimental settlement at Nashoba, Tennessee, that allowed African American slaves to work to gain their freedom, but the community failed. A liberal leader in the "free-thought movement," Wright opposed slavery, advocated woman's suffrage, birth control, and free public education. Wright and Robert Dale Owen moved their newspaper to New York City in 1829 and published it as the ''Free Enquirer''.<ref name=IHScoll/><ref name=KimberlingWr>Clark Kimberling, [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/wright.html "Frances Wright"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref> Wright married William Philquepal d'Arusmont, a Pestalozzian educator she met at New Harmony. The couple also lived in [[Paris, France]], and in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], where they divorced in 1850. Wright died in Cincinnati in 1852.<ref name=KimberlingWr/><ref>Britannica Online, [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/649474/Frances-Wright "Frances Wright"]. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref>

==== History of education ====
The history of education at New Harmony involves several teachers who were already well-established in their fields before they moved to New Harmony, largely through the efforts of William Maclure. These Pestalozzian educators included Marie Duclos Fretageot and Joseph Neef. By the time Maclure arrived in New Harmony he had already established the first Pestalozzian school in America. Fretageot and Neef had been Pestalozzian educators and school administrators at Maclure's schools in Pennsylvania.<ref name=Pitzer/>

Under Maclure's direction and using his philosophy of education, New Harmony schools became the first public schools in the United States open to boys and girls. Maclure also established  at New Harmony one of the country's first industrial or trade schools.<ref>Wilson, p. 187.</ref> He also had his extensive library and geological collection shipped to New Harmony from Philadelphia. In 1838 Maclure established The Working Men's Institute, a society for "mutual instruction".<ref>Wilson, p. 173, 188.</ref> It includes the oldest continuously operating library in Indiana, as well as a small museum. The vault in the library contains many historic manuscripts, letters, and documents pertaining to the history of New Harmony. Under the terms of his will, Maclure also offered $500 to any club or society of laborers in the United States who established a reading and lecture room with a library of at least 100 books. About 160 libraries in Indiana and Illinois took advantage of his bequest.<ref>Wilson, p. 188&ndash;189.</ref><ref>Walker, p. 9&ndash;10.</ref>

[[Marie Duclos Fretageot]] managed Pestalozzian schools that Maclure organized in France and Philadelphia before coming to New Harmony aboard the ''Philanthropist''. In New Harmony she was responsible for the infant's school (for children under age five), supervised several young women she had brought with her from Philadelphia, ran a store, and was Maclure's administrator during his residence in Mexico.<ref>Walker, p. 18, 19, 21.</ref> Fretageot remained in New Harmony until 1831, returned to France, and later joined Maclure in Mexico, where she died in 1833.<ref name="Wilson, p. 184"/> Correspondence of Maclure and Fretageot from 1820 to 1833 was extensive and is documented in ''Partnership for Posterity.''<ref>Josephine Mirabella Elliott, ed. ''Partnership for Posterity: The Correspondence of William Maclure and Marie Duclos Fretageot, 1820&ndash;1833'' (Indianapolis, IN: [[Indiana Historical Society]], 1994)</ref>

[[Joseph Neef]] ( 1770&ndash;1854) published in 1808 the first work on educational method to be written in English in the United States, ''Sketch of A Plan and Method of Education.''<ref name=KimberlingNeef>Clark Kimberling, [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/neef.html "Francis Joseph Nicholas Neef"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref> Maclure brought Neef, a Pestalozzian educator from Switzerland, to Philadelphia, and placed him in charge of his school for boys. It was the first school in the United States to be based on Pestalozzian methods. In 1826 Neef, his wife, and children came to New Harmony to run the schools under Maclure's direction.<ref name=Wilson185>Wilson, p. 185.</ref><ref>Walker, p. 35&ndash;36.</ref> Neef, following Maclure's curriculum, became superintendent of the schools in New Harmony, where as many as 200 students, ranging in age from five to twelve, were enrolled.<ref name=KimberlingNeef/><ref name=Wilson185/><ref>On March 23, 1837, an unusual triple marriage took place at New Harmony, when Neef's daughter, Anne Eliza, married Richard Owen, Neef's daughter, Caroline, married David Dale Owen, and Mary Bouton married William Owen.</ref>

[[Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy]] (1806&ndash;1861), daughter of Robert Owen, arrived in New Harmony in 1833. She married civil engineer Robert Henry Fauntleroy in 1835. He became a business partner of David Dale and Robert Dale Owen. Jane Owen Fauntleroy established a seminary for young women in her family's New Harmony home, where her brother, David Dale Owen, taught science.<ref>Clark Kimberling, et al. [http://faculty.evansville.edu/ck6/bstud/jdowen.html "Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy"], University of Evansville. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref>

Students in New Harmony now attend [[North Posey High School]] after New Harmony High School closed in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.courierpress.com/story/news/2019/03/19/vacant-new-harmony-school-has-new-owner/3205681002/|title=Old vacant school in New Harmony has a new owner who vows to preserve it|last=Martin|first=John T.|website=Evansville Courier & Press|language=en|access-date=September 22, 2019}}</ref>

==== Publishing ====
[[Cornelius Tiebout]] (c. 1773–1832) was an artist, printer, and engraver of considerable fame when he joined the New Harmony community in September 1826. Tiebout taught printing and published a bimonthly newspaper, ''Disseminator of Useful Knowledge'', and books using the town's printing press.<ref>Wilson, p. 183&ndash;184.</ref><ref>Among Tiebout's best-known engravings are ''George Washington'' (1798), ''Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States'' (1800), ''Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States'' (1801), ''Constitution'' (USS Constitution dueling with British frigate Guerriere, War of 1812, engraved 1813). These and others are well represented on the Internet.</ref> He died in New Harmony in 1832.<ref>ArtFact, [http://www.artfact.com/artist/tiebout-cornelius-v8uem9lkpr "Cornelius Tiebout"]. Retrieved June 20, 2012.</ref>

Publications from New Harmony's press include William Maclure's ''Essay on the Formation of Rocks, or an Inquiry into the Probably Origin of their Present Form'' (1832); and Maclure's ''Structure'' and ''Observations on the Geology of the West India Islands; from Barbadoes to Santa Cruz, Inclusive'' (1832); Thomas Say's ''Description of New Species of North American Insects; Observations on Some of the Species Already Described''; ''Descriptions of Some New Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of North America''; and several of the early volumes of Say's ''American Conchology, or Descriptions of the Shells of North America''. (The seventh volume of ''American Conchology'' was published in  Philadelphia.)<ref>Carmony and Elliott, p. 182.</ref><ref name=LucySay>{{cite web |title=Lucy Say Illustrations | publisher=Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia | url=http://www.ansp.org/research/library/archives/0400-0499/say433/ |access-date=November 10, 2017}}</ref>

[[Lucy Say|Lucy Sistare Say]] was an apprentice at Fretageot's Pestalozzian school and a former student of Lesueur in Philadelphia before coming to New Harmony aboard the ''Philanthropist'' to teach needlework and drawing. En route to Indiana, Sistare met Thomas Say and the two were married on January 4, 1827, prior to their arrival at New Harmony. An accomplished artist, Say illustrated and hand-colored 66 of the 68 illustrations in ''American Conchology,'' her husband's multi-volume work on mollusks. Following Thomas Say's death in 1834, she moved to New York, trained to become an engraver, and worked to complete and publish the final volume of ''American Conchology''. Lucy Say remained interested in the natural sciences after returning to the [[Eastern United States|East]]. In 1841 she became the first female member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.<ref name=LucySay<ref>{{cite journal| author=Heather Baldus| title =A Broad Stroke: New Harmony's Artistic Legacy | journal =Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History | volume =26 | issue =2 | pages=26–27 | publisher =Indiana Historical Society | location =Indianapolis | date =Spring 2014}}</ref>

German-American folk artist [[Jacob Maentel]] (c. 1763–1863) lived in New Harmony from 1836 until his death. During this time he prolifically painted portraiture in the ''fraktur'' style and portrayed the dress and décor of local Owenites.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Black|first=Mary|title=Simplicity, a grace : Jacob Maentel in Indiana|publication-place=Evansville, Indiana |publisher=Evansville Museum of Arts & Science|year=1989|oclc=20738556}}</ref> Examples of his work are displayed in the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], the [[American Folk Art Museum]], and the [[Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum|Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Museum]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Maentel {{!}} Biography|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Jacob-Maentel/EFC4A02AF15B1886/Biography|access-date=November 16, 2021|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en}}</ref>

Publications on the history of New Harmony include the work of the New Harmony historian and resident, Josephine Mirabella Elliott.

==== Theater ====
William Owen (1802&ndash;1842), Robert Owen's second oldest son, was involved in New Harmony's business and community affairs. He was among the leaders who founded New Harmony's Thespian Society and acted in some of the group's performances.<ref>Carmony and Elliott, p. 181.</ref> Owen also helped establish the Posey County Agricultural Society and, in 1834, became director of the State Bank of Indiana, Evansville Branch. He died in New Harmony in 1842.<ref>Hiatt, p. v.</ref>