Editing Niagara Movement (section)

===Inaugural meeting location===
{{also|Niagara Falls Conference}}
[[File:Erie Beach Hotel.jpg|thumb|Erie Beach Hotel, Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada. Destroyed by fire in 1975. Not to be confused with current Erie Beach Hotel in [[Port Dover, Ontario]].]]
The First Niagara Conference was originally scheduled for [[Buffalo, New York]], but because of threatened disruptions from partisans of the politically powerful [[Booker T. Washington]] fled at the last minute to the [[Erie Beach Hotel]] in [[Fort Erie, Ontario]], Canada. Du Bois described the meeting as "secret".<ref>{{cite book
|page=249
|url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofw0000dubo/page/248/mode/2up
|title=The autobiography of W.E.B. DuBois : a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century
|last=Du Bois
|first= W. E. B.
|date=1991
|orig-date=1968
|authorlink=W.E.B. Du Bois
|lccn=68-14103
|location=New York
|publisher=[[International Publishers]]|isbn=9780717802340
}}</ref> One Bookerite, Clifford Plummer, traveled to Buffalo to check up on the proceedings, looked around, and "happily" reported back that there was no conference.<ref name=Fox>{{cite book
|page=90
|title=The Guardian of Boston: William Monroe Trotter
|last=Fox
|first=Stephen R.
|date=1970
|location=New York
|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons|Atheneum]]
|url=https://archive.org/details/guardianofboston00foxs/page/90/mode/2up?q=Buffalo}}</ref>{{rp|106}}<ref name=Forth>{{cite journal
|title=Booker T. Washington and the 1905 Niagara Movement Conference
|first=Christopher E.
|last=Forth
|journal=[[Journal of Negro History]]
|date=Summer–Autumn 1987
|volume=72
|number=3/4
|pages=45–56
|doi=10.2307/3031507
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031507
|jstor=3031507|s2cid=150352156
|url-access=subscription
}}</ref>

To disguise this, it was said that they were refused accommodation in Buffalo.<ref name="pbs">{{cite web 
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories/events_niagara.html
|title=Niagara Movement 1905-10 
|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] 
|access-date=October 9, 2007 
|work=The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow 
|first=Richard 
|last=Wormser 
}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="nps">{{cite web 
|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/niagara/history.htm 
|title=The Niagara Movement at Harpers Ferry 
|publisher=[[National Park Service]] 
|date=August 11, 2006 
|access-date=October 9, 2007 
|first=David T. 
|last=Gilbert 
|archive-date=October 27, 2007 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027053344/http://www.nps.gov/archive/hafe/niagara/history.htm 
|url-status=live 
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title=The Making of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park: A Devil, Two Rivers, and a Dream
|year=2008
|publisher=[[Altamira Press]]
|isbn=978-0759110656
|first1=Teresa S.
|last1=Moyer
|page=19
|first2=Paul A.
|last2=Shackel|oclc=1058473018
}}</ref> However, no evidence supports this.<ref name=Forth/>{{rp|49}}{{rp|49 n. 28}} According to contemporary reports, Buffalo hotels complied with a statewide anti-discrimination law passed in 1895, and in a recent article it is called an "unlikely...legend".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wings.buffalo.edu/uncrownedqueens/C/history/niag_mov/mystery_solved.html |title=NIAGARA MOVEMENT - A Mystery Solved! |publisher=[[University at Buffalo]] |access-date=October 9, 2007 |year=2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829140429/http://wings.buffalo.edu/uncrownedqueens/C/history/niag_mov/mystery_solved.html |archive-date=August 29, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.buffaloresearch.com/essays/BuffaloHotels.pdf |title=Buffalo Hotels and the Niagara Movement: New Evidence Refutes an Old Legend. |first=Cynthia 
|last=Van Ness 
|journal=Western New York Heritage Magazine |volume=13 |issue=4 |date=Winter 2011 |pages=18–23 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030121/http://www.buffaloresearch.com/essays/BuffaloHotels.pdf |url-status=dead
|quote=Van Ness says that the "Malby Law" (1895) prohibited discrimination in hotels on the basis of color, and ''The New York Times'' reported on a successful test of that state law in Buffalo, thus making the hotel legend unlikely.}}</ref>