Editing Nokia (section)

=== 1990–2010 ===
[[File:Jorma Ollila 2013.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Jorma Ollila]], who oversaw the rise of Nokia in the mobile phone market as CEO from 1992 to 2006]]
[[File:Nokia 2112.jpg|thumb|Nokia 2112 NHE-4AX phone]]
Following [[Simo Vuorilehto]]'s appointment as CEO, a major restructuring was planned. With 11 groups within the company, Vuorilehto divested industrial units he deemed as un-strategic. [[Nokian Tyres]] (''Nokian Renkaat''), a tyre producer originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later, in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit. In 1991, Nokia sold its computer division, Nokia Data, to [[United Kingdom|UK]]-based [[International Computers Limited]] (ICL), the precursor of [[Fujitsu Siemens Computers|Fujitsu Siemens]]. Investors thought of this as financial trouble and Nokia's stock price sank as a result. Finland was now also experiencing its [[Early 1990s depression in Finland|worst recession in living memory]], and the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse]] of the Soviet Union, a major customer, made matters worse.

Vuorilehto quit in January 1992 and was replaced by [[Jorma Ollila]], who had been the head of the mobile phone business from 1990 and advised against selling that division. Ollila decided to turn Nokia into a "[[Telecommunications|telecom]]-oriented" company, and he eventually got rid of divisions like the power business. This strategy proved to be very successful, and the company grew rapidly in the following years. Nokia's operating profit went from negative in 1991 to $1 billion in 1995 and almost $4 billion by 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/05/01/278948/index.htm|title=Nokia's Secret Code Perhaps the least hierarchical big company in the world, Nokia has been winning big in wireless. But its Finnish recipe for innovation is about to be put to the test. – May 1, 2000|website=Fortune (magazine)}}</ref>

Nokia's first fully portable mobile phone after the Mobira Senator was the [[Mobira Cityman 900]] in 1987. Nokia assisted in the development of the [[GSM]] mobile standard in the 1980s and developed the first GSM network with [[Siemens]], the predecessor to [[Nokia Networks|Nokia Siemens Network]]. The world's first GSM call was made by Finnish prime minister [[Harri Holkeri]] on 1 July 1991, using Nokia equipment on the 900&nbsp;MHz band network built by Nokia and operated by [[Radiolinja]]. In November 1992, the [[Nokia 1011]] launched, making it the first commercially available GSM mobile phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1997/10/17/nokias-pioneering-gsm-research-and-development-to-be-awarded-by-eduard-rhein-foundation|title=Nokia´s Pioneering GSM Research and Development to be Awarded by Eduard Rhein Foundation |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

Salora Oy as a Nokia subsidiary ended in 1989 when the division was merged into Nokia-Mobira Oy. The brand continued to be used for televisions until 1995.

On 12 June 1996, Nokia announced the sale of its [[television]] business to Canada/Hong Kong-based [[International Semi-Tech Microsystems|Semi-Tech Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1996/06/12/nokia-announces-heads-of-agreement-to-sell-its-remaining-television-business|title=Nokia Announces Heads of Agreement to Sell Its Remaining Television Business |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> The television manufacturing plant in Germany closed down in September 1996. The sale included a factory in [[Turku]] and the rights to use the Nokia, [[Finlux]], [[Luxor AB|Luxor]], [[Salora Oy|Salora]], [[C. Lorenz AG|Schaub-Lorenz]], and Oceanic brands until the end of 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1996/07/17/nokia-announces-final-sale-of-its-television-manufacturing-business|title=Nokia Announces Final Sale of its Television Manufacturing Business |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> Some of these brands were later sold to other companies.

Nokia was the first to launch [[Digital Satellite Service|digital satellite]] receivers in the UK, announced in March 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1997/03/13/nokia-first-to-launch-digital-satellite-receiver-in-the-uk|title=Nokia First to Launch Digital Satellite Receiver in The UK |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> In August 1997, Nokia introduced the first digital satellite receiver with [[Common Interface]] (CI) support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1997/08/29/nokia-launches-the-worlds-first-digital-ird-with-common-interface|title=Nokia launches the World's first Digital IRD With 'Common Interface' |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> In 1998, Nokia became the chosen supplier to produce the world's first [[digital terrestrial television]] set-top boxes by British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), which was eventually launched as [[ITV Digital|ONdigital]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1998/03/08/nokia-is-chosen-supplier-to-british-digital-broadcasting|title=Nokia is chosen supplier to British Digital Broadcasting |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

[[File:Digital-tv-box från Nokia.jpg|thumb|A Nokia Mediamaster set-top box]]
In October 1998, Nokia overtook [[Motorola]] to become the best-selling mobile phone brand<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1998/12/21/nokia-to-invest-about-fim-1-billion-in-mobile-phone-production-in-bochum-germany|title=Nokia to invest about FIM 1 billion in mobile phone production in Bochum, Germany |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> and in December, manufactured its 100 millionth mobile phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1998/12/03/nokia-manufactures-its-100-millionth-mobile-phone|title=Nokia manufactures its 100 millionth mobile phone |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> A major reason why Nokia grew against its main competitors Motorola and [[Ericsson]] was that it managed to cater to the consumer youth market and fashion-oriented consumers, most significantly with the [[Nokia 5110]] and [[Nokia 3210|3210]] handsets, which featured a large range of colourful and replaceable back covers called Xpress-on.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2016/09/the-development-of-the-nokia-3210-the-cellphone-that-started-the-mobile-revolution.html|title=The 1999 Handset That Finally Made Cellphones Cool|first=Will|last=Oremus|date=20 September 2016|website=Slate|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobilephonehistory.co.uk/history/mobile_phone_history.php|title=Mobile phone history|website=Mobilephonehistory.co.uk|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> One of the earliest fashion phones in 1992, from Swiss watchmaker [[Swatch]], was based on Nokia's [[Nokia 101 (1992)|101]] handset.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobilephonehistory.co.uk/nokia/nokia_fashion_phones.php|title=Nokia fashion phones|website=Mobilephonehistory.co.uk|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> The company would also form the [[Vertu]] division, creating luxury mobile handsets.

In April 1996, Nokia claimed its 447Xav and 447K monitors to be the first with [[Stereophonic sound|stereo]] speakers and a [[subwoofer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1996/04/22/nokia-builds-on-media-ready-monitor-series-with-new-21-line|title=Nokia Builds on "Media-Ready" Monitor Series with New 21" Line |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> In May 1999, Nokia introduced their first [[wireless LAN]] products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/1999/05/11/nokia-to-move-wireless-lan-products-toward-mass-market|title=Nokia to move wireless LAN products toward mass market |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> In January 2000, [[ViewSonic]] acquired Nokia Display Products, the division making [[Electronic visual display|displays]] for personal computers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2000/01/17/viewsonic-corporation-acquires-nokia-display-products-branded-business|title=ViewSonic Corporation Acquires Nokia Display Products' Branded Business |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> On 26 April 2001, Nokia partnered with [[Telefónica]] to supply [[Digital subscriber line|DSL]] modems and routers in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2001/04/26/nokia-to-supply-telefonica-with-adsl-modems-in-spain|title=Nokia to supply Telefónica with ADSL modems in Spain |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

In 1997, Nokia established a [[joint venture]] with Brazilian electronics firm [[IGB Eletrônica|Gradient]] where they were granted the license to manufacture variants of Nokia mobile phones locally under the Nokia and Gradient brand names.<ref name="nokia">{{Cite news |title=Nokia acquired Gradient's share in Brazilian manufacturing joint venture NGI |url=https://pnrlogin.globenewswire.com/?ReturnUrl=%2fnews-release%2f2000%2f10%2f20%2f1845768%2f0%2fen%2fNokia-acquired-Gradiente-s-share-in-Brazilian-manufacturing-joint-venture-NGI.html |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref>

In 1998, Nokia cofounded [[Symbian Software|Symbian Ltd.]], led by [[Psion (company)|Psion]], to create a new operating system for [[Personal digital assistant|PDAs]] and smart mobile phones as a successor of [[EPOC (operating system)|EPOC32]]. They released the [[Nokia 9210 Communicator]] running [[Symbian|Symbian OS]] in 2001 and later that year created the Symbian [[S60 (software platform)|Series 60]] platform, later introducing it with their first [[camera phone]], the [[Nokia 7650]]. Both Nokia and Symbian eventually became the largest [[smartphone]] hardware and software maker, respectively, and in February 2004, Nokia became the largest shareholder of Symbian Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2004/02/09/nokia-to-acquire-psion-plcs-shares-in-symbian|title=Nokia to acquire Psion plc's shares in Symbian |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> Nokia acquired the entire company in June 2008 and then formed the [[Symbian Foundation]] as its successor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2008/06/24/nokia-to-acquire-symbian-limited-to-enable-evolution-of-the-leading-open-mobile-platform|title=Nokia to acquire Symbian Limited to enable evolution of the leading open mobile platform |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

In 1998 alone, the company had sales revenue of $20 billion, making $2.6 billion profit. By 2000, Nokia employed over 55,000 people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2000/03/02/nokia-supplies-wap-technology-to-thus-in-uk|title=Nokia supplies WAP technology to Thus in UK |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> and had a market share of 30% in the mobile phone market, almost twice as large as its nearest competitor, [[Motorola]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1055805.stm|title=Nokia: 'Best is yet to come'|date=5 December 2000|access-date=28 March 2019|website=BBC News}}</ref> The company was operating in 140 countries as of 1999. It was reported at the time that some people believed Nokia to be a [[Japan]]ese company.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/1999/09/nokia/|title=Just Say Nokia|first=Steve|last=Silberman|date=1 September 1999|access-date=28 March 2019|magazine=Wired}}</ref> Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's [[Revenue|turnover]] increased fivefold, from €6.5 billion to €31 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/sep/03/nokia-rise-fall-mobile-phone-giant|title=Nokia: the rise and fall of a mobile phone giant|first=Angela|last=Monaghan|date=3 September 2013|access-date=28 March 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref> Meanwhile, a ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' survey held near end 2000 showed that Nokia was the "most trusted brand in Europe", ranking better than Sony, Canon, and Nivea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/trusted-brands-winning-trust-consumers-key-lasting-brand-success-jennifer-hiscock-takes-look-uk-s-respected-brands/56156?src_site=marketingmagazine |title=Most Trusted Brands: Winning the trust of consumers is the key to lasting brand success. Jennifer Hiscock takes a look at the UK's most respected brands |work=Campaign |last=Hiscock |first=Jennifer |date=1 March 2001 |access-date=14 August 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Nokia mobile phones.jpg|thumb|left|Various Nokia mobile phones from the 2000s]]
[[File:Nokia 7600.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Nokia 7600]] 3G phone]]
[[File:Nokia N-Gage.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[N-Gage (device)|Nokia N-Gage]]]]
The company would then be known as a successful and innovative maker of [[camera phone]]s. The [[Nokia 3650|Nokia 3600/3650]] was the first camera phone on sale in North America in 2003. In April 2005, Nokia partnered with German camera optics maker [[Carl Zeiss AG]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2005/04/27/nokia-and-carl-zeiss-join-forces-to-offer-enhanced-imaging-for-camera-phone-users|title=Nokia and Carl Zeiss join forces to offer enhanced imaging for camera phone users |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> That same month, Nokia introduced the [[Nokia Nseries|Nseries]], which would become its flagship line of smartphones for the next six years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2005/04/27/nokia-launches-nokia-nseries-branded-multimedia-device-range|title=Nokia launches Nokia Nseries branded multimedia device range |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> The [[Nokia N95]] was introduced in September 2006, became highly successful, and was also awarded "best mobile imaging device" in Europe in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2007/04/24/nokia-n95-wins-prestigious-tipa-award-2007|title=Nokia N95 Wins Prestigious TIPA Award 2007 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> Its successor the [[Nokia N82|N82]] featured a [[xenon]] flash,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2007/11/14/its-what-cameras-have-become-the-new-nokia-n82|title=It's what cameras have become – the new Nokia N82 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> which helped it win the award of "best mobile imaging" device in Europe in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2008/04/23/nokia-n82-wins-renowned-tipa-best-mobile-imaging-device-in-europe-award-2008|title=Nokia N82 wins renowned TIPA 'Best Mobile Imaging Device in Europe' Award 2008 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> The [[Nokia N93|N93]] in 2006 was known for its specialized [[camcorder]] and the twistable design that switches between [[Clamshell design|clamshell]] and a camcorder-like position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2006/04/25/nokia-introduces-the-next-story-in-video-with-the-nokia-n93|title=Nokia Introduces the Next Story in Video with the Nokia N93 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> They were also well known for the [[Nokia N8|N8]] with a high-resolution 12-megapixel sensor, in 2010; the [[Nokia 808 PureView|808 PureView]] with a 41-megapixel sensor, in 2012; and the [[Nokia Lumia 920|Lumia 920]] flagship, which implemented advanced [[PureView]] technologies, in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2012/09/05/new-nokia-lumia-range-delivers-latest-pureview-camera-innovation-new-navigation-experiences-and-wireless-charging-on-windows-phone-8|title=New Nokia Lumia Range Delivers Latest PureView Camera Innovation, New Navigation Experiences and Wireless Charging on Windows Phone 8 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

Nokia was one of the pioneers of [[Mobile game|mobile gaming]] due to the popularity of ''[[Snake (1998 video game)|Snake]]'', which came preloaded on many products. In 2002, Nokia attempted to break into the [[Handheld game console|handheld gaming]] market with the [[N-Gage (device)|N-Gage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2003/02/05/nokia-n-gage-tm-mobile-game-deck-the-revolutionary-gaming-experience|title=Nokia N-Gage (TM) mobile game deck – the revolutionary gaming experience |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> Nokia's head of entertainment and media, Ilkka Raiskinen, once said, "[[Game Boy]] is for 10-year-olds",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/nokias-ilkka-slams-game-boy-advance/|title=Nokia's Ilkka slams Game Boy Advance|date=12 June 2003}}</ref> stating that N-Gage is more suited to a mature audience. However, the device was a failure, unable to challenge the dominant market leader, [[Nintendo]]. Nokia attempted to revive N-Gage as a platform for their S60 smartphones, which eventually launched in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2007/08/29/get-out-and-play-with-n-gage-games-in-your-nokia-device|title=Get out and play – with N-Gage games in your Nokia device |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

In Q1 2004, Nokia's mobile phone handset market share steeply dropped to 28.9%, down from 34.6% a year earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2004/apr/17/mobilephones|title=Nokia losing market share|first=Mark|last=Milner|date=17 April 2004|access-date=28 March 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref> However, by 2006, the company was steadily gaining again<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2007/nov/27/nokiaincreasesmarketsharei|title=Nokia increases market share in mobile phone business|first=Jack|last=Schofield|date=27 November 2007|access-date=28 March 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/22/technology/22iht-mobile.3632626.html|title=Nokia and Motorola gain market share as arena grows – Technology & Media – International Herald Tribune|date=22 November 2006|access-date=28 March 2019|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and in Q4 2007 reached its all-time high figure of 40.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/01/24/sa_q4_phone_figures/|title=Nokia grabs 40% of phone market for first time|first=Tony|last=Smith|date=24 January 2008|website=[[The Register]]|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> Its smartphone market share in that quarter was 51%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fiercewireless.com/wireless/report-nokia-s-smartphone-market-share-dropping|title=Report: Nokia's smartphone market share dropping|website=FierceWireless|date=11 March 2009|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> Nokia was the largest vendor at the time in all regions bar [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://devicehd.com/smartphones/en/brand/nokia/|title=Winners and Loser in the Smartphone Market: Q4 2008|first=Kevin C.|last=Tofel|date=11 March 2009|website=devicehd.com|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref>

Nokia launched [[Mobile TV format|mobile TV]] trials in 2005 in Finland with content provided by public broadcaster [[Yle]]. The services are based on the [[DVB-H]] standard. It could be viewed with the widescreen [[Nokia 7710]] smartphone with a special accessory enabling it to receive DVB-H signals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2005/08/05/live-mobile-tv-broadcasts-for-the-first-time-at-an-international-sporting-event|title=Live Mobile TV broadcasts for the first time at an international sporting event |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> Nokia partnered with [[Arqiva]] and [[O2 (UK)|O2]] to launch trials in the UK in September 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2005/09/22/mobile-tv-trial-goes-live-in-uk|title=Mobile TV trial goes live in UK |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

In 2005, Nokia developed a [[Linux]]-based operating system called [[Maemo]], which shipped that year on the [[Nokia 770 Internet Tablet]].

On 1 June 2006, [[Jorma Ollila]] became the company's chairman and retired as CEO, replaced by [[Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2005/08/01/nokia-moves-forward-with-management-succession-plan|title=Nokia moves forward with management succession plan |publisher=Nokia}}</ref>

[[File:Nokia Sao Paulo Flagship.jpg|thumb|A flagship Nokia store in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, in 2009]]
In August 2007, Nokia introduced [[Ovi (Nokia)|Ovi]], an umbrella name for the company's new Internet services, which included the N-Gage platform and the [[MixRadio|Nokia Music Store]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nokia.com/en_int/news/releases/2007/08/29/meet-ovi-the-door-to-nokias-internet-services|title=Meet Ovi, the door to Nokia's Internet services |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> The Ovi Store faced stiff competition from [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]] when it was introduced in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://venturebeat.com/2010/10/29/84-percent-of-nokia-ovi-store-app-developers-say-apples-store-is-better/|title=84 percent of Nokia Ovi store app developers say Apple's store is better |work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

[[File:Nokia 5800 XpressMusic 3Q.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nokia 5800 XpressMusic]]]]
In October 2008, Nokia announced the [[Nokia 5800 XpressMusic]], the first device to ship with the new touch-centric S60 5th Edition, also known as Symbian^1, the first iteration of the platform since the creation of the Symbian Foundation. In November 2008, Nokia announced it would end mobile phone sales in [[Japan]] because of low market share.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7752279.stm|title=Nokia to end phone sales in Japan|date=27 November 2008|website=BBC News}}</ref> Nokia's global mobile phone market share peaked in 2008 at 38.6 percent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=David |last2=West |first2=Joel |date=11 June 2013 |title=Evolving an Open Ecosystem: The Rise and Fall of the Symbian Platform |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |page=35 |isbn=978-1-78190-826-6}}</ref> The same year, Nokia announced the acquisition of Trolltech and its [[Qt (software)|Qt]] software development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/31/qt_software_tech_preview_qt_creator/|title=Nokia's Trolltech Qt Software previews cross-platform IDE|first=Austin|last=Modine|date=31 October 2008|website=[[The Register]]|access-date=28 March 2019}}</ref> Qt was a central part of Nokia's strategy until 2011, and it was eventually sold in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/aug/09/nokia-sells-qt-software-business|title=Nokia sells its Qt software business|first1=Josh|last1=Halliday|last2=agencies|date=9 August 2012|access-date=28 March 2019|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Nokia briefly returned to the computer market with the [[Nokia Booklet 3G|Booklet 3G]] netbook in August 2009.