Editing Norman architecture (section)

==England==
[[File:Andover - Norman Arch - geograph.org.uk - 556600.jpg|thumb|A Norman arch {{Circa|1150}} in [[Andover, Hampshire]]]]
[[File:Norman arch.jpg|thumb |A Norman arch with zig-zag mouldings above the church doorway at [[Guiting Power]], Gloucestershire]]
In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the [[Norman Conquest]] of 1066, and Norman influences affected late [[Anglo-Saxon architecture]]. [[Edward the Confessor]] was brought up in Normandy and in 1042 brought masons to work on the first Romanesque building in England, [[Westminster Abbey]]. In 1051 he brought in Norman [[knight]]s who built "motte" castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion, Normans rapidly constructed [[motte-and-bailey]] castles along with  churches, [[abbey]]s, and more elaborate [[fortification]]s such as Norman stone [[keep]]s.

The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries using small bands of sculpture. Paying attention to the concentrated spaces of [[Capital (architecture)|capital]]s and round doorways as well as the [[tympanum (architecture)|tympanum]] under an arch. The "Norman arch" is the rounded, often with mouldings carved or incised onto it for decoration. [[Chevron (insignia)|chevron patterns]], frequently termed "zig-zag [[Molding (decorative)|mouldings]]", were a frequent signature of the Normans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Edward |title=On the Distinction Between Romanesque and Gothic |journal=The Archaeological Review |date=December 1888 |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=237–251 |jstor=44245200 }}</ref> The [[Cruciform#Cruciform architectural plan|cruciform church]]es often had deep [[chancel]]s and a square [[crossing tower]] which has remained a feature of English [[ecclesiastical architecture]]. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083.

After a fire damaged [[Canterbury Cathedral]] in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new [[Gothic architecture]]. Around 1191 [[Wells Cathedral]] and [[Lincoln Cathedral]] brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building.

===Ecclesiastical architecture===
*[[Oxford Castle]] 1074: church tower doubles as a place of refuge
*[[St John's Chapel, London|St John's Chapel]] (''c.'' 1078), [[Tower of London]]
*[[Durham Cathedral]] (from 1093) was the first to employ a [[ribbed vault]] system with pointed arches
*[[Winchester Cathedral]] (from 1079)
*[[Ely Cathedral]] (1083–1109)
*[[Peterborough Cathedral]] (from 1118)
*[[Church of St Mary and St David, Kilpeck|Kilpeck Church]], Herefordshire
*St Nicholas Church, [[Pyrford]], Surrey (''c.'' 1140)
*[[Southwell Minster]], Nottinghamshire
*[[St Mary the Virgin, Iffley|St Mary the Virgin]], Iffley, Oxfordshire (1170)
*[[St Swithuns Nately Scures|St Swithun's]] in Nately Scures, Hampshire (1175), an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church.
*[[Norwich Cathedral]] (1096–1145)
*[[St Edward's Church, Stow-on-the-Wold]] (eleventh century)
*[[St Botolph's Priory]], [[Colchester]]
*[[St John's Abbey, Colchester]]
*[[Tewkesbury Abbey]] ({{Circa|1102}})
*[[St Germans Priory]], Cornwall (12th Century)
*[[Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe]], Kent
*[[St Peter's Church, Tickencote]], [[Rutland]] – Norman chancel
*[[Dunstable Priory]], Bedfordshire


'''Bibliography'''
*[[Edmund Harold Sedding|Sedding, Edmund H]]. (1909) Norman Architecture in Cornwall: a handbook to old ecclesiastical architecture. With over 160 plates. London: Ward & Co.

===Military architecture===
*[[White Tower (Tower of London)]]
*[[Rochester Castle]]
*[[Norwich Castle]]
*[[Colchester Castle]], the largest Norman castle built and the first stone [[Keep]] in England<ref>Crummy, Philip (1997) City of Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust ({{ISBN|1 897719 04 3}})</ref><ref>Denney, Patrick (2004) Colchester. Published by Tempus Publishing ({{ISBN|978-0-7524-3214-4}})</ref>
*[[Hedingham Castle]], Essex
*[[Carrickfergus Castle]], the best preserved Norman castle on the island of Ireland. Though it was heavily renovated, the keep, land walls and [[gatehouse]] are reasonably intact.

===Domestic architecture===
*[[Jew's House]], [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire|Lincoln]]
*[[Boothby Pagnell Manor]], Lincolnshire
*[[Oakham Castle]], [[Rutland]]
* [[Moyse's Hall Museum]], [[Bury St Edmunds]], Suffolk ({{Circa|1180}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moyseshall.org |title=Moyse's Hall museum |publisher=Moyseshall.org |access-date=2011-06-11}}</ref>