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Nuxalk language
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==Phonology== ===Consonants=== Nuxalk has 29 consonants depicted below in IPA and the [[Americanist phonetic notation|Americanist orthography]] of Davis & Saunders when it differs from the IPA. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]] ! colspan="3" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]] ! colspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[sibilant]]</small> || <small>[[lateral consonant|lateral]]</small> ! <small>[[Palatal consonant|palatal]]</small> || <small>[[labialized velar consonant|labialized]]</small> ! <small>plain</small> || <small>[[labialization|labialized]]</small> |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]] ! <small>[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʰ}} {{angle|p}} | {{IPA link|tʰ}} {{angle|t}} | {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}} {{angle|c}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɬʰ}} {{angle|ƛ}} | {{IPA link|cʰ}} {{angle|k}} | {{IPA link|kʷʰ}} {{angle|kʷ}} | {{IPA link|qʰ}} {{angle|q}} | {{IPA link|qʷʰ}} {{angle|qʷ}} | |- ! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small> | {{IPA link|pʼ}} {{angle|p̓}} | {{IPA link|tʼ}} {{angle|t̓}} | {{IPA link|t͡sʼ}} {{angle|c̓}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɬʼ}} {{angle|ƛ̓}} | {{IPA link|cʼ}} {{angle|k̓}} | {{IPA link|kʷʼ}} {{angle|k̓ʷ}} | {{IPA link|qʼ}} {{angle|q̓}} | {{IPA link|qʷʼ}} {{angle|q̓ʷ}} | {{IPA link|ʔ}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] | | | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ɬ}} {{angle|ł}} | {{IPA link|ç}} {{angle|x}} | {{IPA link|xʷ}} | {{IPA link|χ}} {{angle|x̣}} | {{IPA link|χʷ}} {{angle|x̣ʷ}} | ({{IPA link|h}}) |- ! colspan="2" | [[Sonorant]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|l}} | {{IPA link|j}} {{angle|y}} | {{IPA link|w}} | | | |} What are transcribed in the orthography as 'plain' velar consonants are actually palatals, and the sibilants ''{{IPA|s c c̓}}'' palatalize to ''{{IPA|š č č̓}}'' before ''{{IPA|x k k̓}}''. ===Vowels=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! ! [[Front vowel|Front]] ! [[Central vowel|Central]] ! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPA link|i}} | | |- ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | | | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} ====Allophony==== {{IPA|/i/}} may be pronounced: * {{IPA|[ɪ]}} before postvelars * {{IPA|[ɪː, ɛː]}} between postvelars * {{IPA|[e̞, e̞ː]}}, before a sonorant followed by a consonant or word boundary * {{IPA|[i]}} adjacent to palatovelars * {{IPA|[e]}} elsewhere {{IPA|/a/}} may be pronounced: * {{IPA|[ɑ]}} ({{IPA|[ɒ]}}?) surrounded by postvelars * {{IPA|[ɐ]}} before rounded velars followed by a consonant or word boundary * {{IPA|[a]}} ({{IPA|[ä]}}?) before a sonorant followed by a consonant or word boundary * {{IPA|[æ]}} elsewhere {{IPA|/o/}} may be pronounced: * {{IPA|[o̞]}} surrounded by postvelars * {{IPA|[o̞, o̞ː, ɔ, ɔː]}} before a sonorant followed by a consonant or word boundary * {{IPA|[u, ʊ]}} before rounded velars followed by a consonant or word boundary * {{IPA|[o]}} elsewhere{{sfn|Nater|1984|p=5}} === Orthography === In addition to the Americanist orthography of Davis & Saunders used in this article for clarity, Nuxalk also has a non-diacritical Bouchard-type practical orthography that originated in Hank Nater's ''The Bella Coola Language'' (1984), and was used in his 1990 ''Nuxalk-English Dictionary''. It continues to be used today at {{lang|blc|Acwsalcta|italic=no}} for Nuxalk language learning, as well as in Nuxalk documents and names.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.acwsalcta.ca/|title = Acwsalcta School}}</ref> The orthographic variants are summarized below. {| class="wikitable" !Phoneme !Americanist !Practical |- |{{IPA|a}} |''a'' |'''[[A]]''' |- |{{IPA|x}} |''x'' |'''[[C]]''' |- |{{IPA|xʷ}} |''xʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#C|CW]]''' |- |{{IPA|h}} |''h'' |'''[[H]]''' |- |{{IPA|i}} |''i'' |'''[[I]]''' |- |{{IPA|kʰ}} |''k'' |'''[[K]]''' |- |{{IPA|kʼ}} |''k̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#K|K']]''' |- |{{IPA|kʷʰ}} |''kʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#K|KW]]''' |- |{{IPA|kʷʼ}} |''k̓ʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs#J–L|KW']]''' |- |{{IPA|l}} |''l'' |'''[[L]]''' |- |{{IPA|ɬ}} |''ł'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#L|LH]]''' |- |{{IPA|m}} |''m'' |'''[[M]]''' |- |{{IPA|n}} |''n'' |'''[[N]]''' |- |{{IPA|pʰ}} |''p'' |'''[[P]]''' |- |{{IPA|pʼ}} |''p̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#P|P']]''' |- |{{IPA|qʰ}} |''q'' |'''[[Q]]''' |- |{{IPA|qʼ}} |''q̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#Q|Q']]''' |- |{{IPA|qʷʰ}} |''qʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#Q|QW]]''' |- |{{IPA|qʷʼ}} |''q̓ʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs#P–R|QW']]''' |- |{{IPA|s}} |''s'' |'''[[S]]''' |- |{{IPA|tʰ}} |''t'' |'''[[T]]''' |- |{{IPA|tʼ}} |''t̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#T|T']]''' |- |{{IPA|t͡ɬʰ}} |''ƛ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#T|TL]]''' |- |{{IPA|t͡ɬʼ}} |''ƛ̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs#T|TL']]''' |- |{{IPA|t͡sʰ}} |''c'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#T|TS]]''' |- | {{IPA|t͡sʼ}} |''c̓'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs#T|TS']]''' |- |{{IPA|u}} |''u'' |'''[[U]]''' |- |{{IPA|w}} |''w'' |'''[[W]]''' |- |{{IPA|χ}} |''x̣'' |'''[[X]]''' |- |{{IPA|χʷ}} |''x̣ʷ'' |'''[[List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#X|XW]]''' |- |{{IPA|j}} |''y'' |'''[[Y]]''' |- |{{IPA|ʔ}} |''ʔ'' |'''[[Glottal stop (letter)|7]]''' |} ;Notes: * The Nuxalk alphabet lacks ten letters: [[B]], [[D]], [[E]], [[F]], [[G]], [[J]], [[O]], [[R]], [[V]], and [[Z]]. However, these letters are often used for foreign loanwords or may be kept for foreign names. ** These letters also are often replaced by other letters (e.g. ⟨p⟩ for ⟨b⟩, ⟨f⟩, and ⟨v⟩, ⟨t⟩ for ⟨d⟩, ⟨i⟩ for ⟨e⟩, ⟨k⟩ for ⟨g⟩, ⟨c⟩ for ⟨j⟩, ⟨u⟩ for ⟨o⟩, ⟨l⟩ for ⟨r⟩, and ⟨s⟩ for ⟨z⟩).
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