Editing Old Kingdom of Egypt (section)

===Fifth Dynasty===
{{Main|Fifth Dynasty of Egypt}}
The [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]] (2494–2345 BC) began with [[Userkaf]] (2494–2487 BC) and was marked by the growing importance of the cult of sun god [[Ra]]. Consequently, fewer efforts were devoted to the construction of pyramid complexes than during the Fourth Dynasty and more to the construction of [[Egyptian sun temple|sun temples]] in [[Abusir]]. Userkaf was succeeded by his son [[Sahure]] (2487–2475 BC), who commanded an expedition to [[Kingdom of Punt|Punt]]. Sahure was in turn succeeded by [[Neferirkare Kakai]] (2475–2455 BC), who was Sahure's son. Neferirkare introduced the [[Prenomen (Ancient Egypt)|prenomen]] in the royal titulary. He was followed by two short-lived kings, his son [[Neferefre]] (2455–2453&nbsp;BC) and [[Shepseskare]], the latter of uncertain parentage.<ref>Miroslav Verner: ''Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology'', Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001</ref> Shepseskare may have been deposed by Neferefre's brother [[Nyuserre Ini]] (2445–2421 BC), a long-lived pharaoh who commissioned extensively in Abusir and restarted royal activity in Giza.

The last pharaohs of the dynasty were [[Menkauhor Kaiu]] (2421–2414 BC), [[Djedkare Isesi]] (2414–2375 BC), and [[Unas]] (2375–2345), the earliest ruler to have the [[Pyramid Texts]] inscribed in his pyramid.

Egypt's expanding interests in trade goods such as [[ebony]], incense such as [[myrrh]] and [[frankincense]], gold, copper, and other useful metals inspired the ancient Egyptians to build suitable ships for navigation of the open sea. They traded with Lebanon for [[Cedrus libani|cedar]] and travelled the length of the [[Red Sea]] to the [[Kingdom of Punt]]- modern-day [[Eritrea]]—for ebony, ivory, and aromatic resins.<ref>{{Citation |title= Adulis and the transshipment of baboons during classical antiquity | publisher= elifsciences | year= 2023 |
doi = 10.7554/eLife.87513 |
last= Franziska Grathwol, Christian Roos, Dietmar Zinner, Benjamin Hume, Stéphanie M Porcier, Didier Berthet, Jacques Cuisin, Stefan Merker, Claudio Ottoni, Wim Van Neer | journal= eLife | volume= 12 | pmid= 37767965 | doi-access= free | pmc= 10597581 }}</ref>
Shipbuilders of that era did not use pegs ([[treenail]]s) or metal fasteners, but relied on the rope to keep their ships assembled. Planks and the superstructure were tightly tied and bound together.
This period also witnessed direct trade between Egypt and its Aegean neighbors and Anatolia.<ref>{{Cite book |title= A History of Ancient Egypt |last= Grimal|first= Nicolas|publisher= Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994) |year= 1994 |pages=76}}</ref>

The rulers of the dynasty sent expeditions to the stone quarries and gold mines of Nubia and the mines of Sinai.<ref>{{Cite book |title= A History of Ancient Egypt |last= Grimal|first= Nicolas|publisher= Wiley-Blackwell (July 19, 1994) |year= 1994 |pages=76, 79}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Verner|first=Miroslav|chapter=Old Kingdom: An Overview|editor-last=Redford|location=Oxford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|date=2001b|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5|pages=585–591}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Ian|editor1-last=Hawass|editor1-first=Zahi|editor2-first=Lyla|editor2-last=Pinch Brock|title=Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology|chapter=New fieldwork at Gebel el-Asr: "Chephren's diorite quarries"|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|location=Cairo, New York|year=2003|isbn=978-977-424-715-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Klemm|first1=Rosemarie|first2=Dietrich|last2=Klemm|title=Gold and gold mining in ancient Egypt and Nubia : geoarchaeology of the ancient gold mining sites in the Egyptian and Sudanese eastern deserts|location=Berlin; New-York|publisher=Springer|year=2013|series=Natural science in archaeology|isbn=978-1-283-93479-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ky8bVJ_fYEAC&pg=PA604}}</ref> there are references and depictions of military campaigns in Nubia and Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Verner|first=Miroslav|chapter=Old Kingdom: An Overview|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|editor-link=Donald B. Redford|date=2001b|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5|location=Oxford|pages=588}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341398058 |title=Siege Scenes of the Old Kingdom |access-date=2022-02-04 |archive-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204144143/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341398058_Siege_Scenes_of_the_Old_Kingdom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Darrell |year=2008 |title=The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I&nbsp;– Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC|publisher=Stacey International |isbn= 978-1-905299-37-9|pages=84}}</ref>