Open main menu
Home
Random
Recent changes
Special pages
Community portal
Preferences
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Incubator escapee wiki
Search
User menu
Talk
Dark mode
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Editing
Open Door Policy
(section)
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
===Subsequent development=== [[File:Stepping Stone to China Market JUDGE 1900.jpg|thumb|Stepping stone to trade to huge China Market, from ''Judge'' March 11, 1900]] The policy built popular sympathy for China and raised hopes for a vast "China market" and American influence in China's development. The effect of the policy was partly diplomatic, but it also reflected what the historian Michael Hunt calls a "paternalistic vision" of "defending and reforming China." This vision defined China in terms of two struggles, first, a Chinese domestic struggle between progressive reform and feudal inertia, and the second an international struggle which pitted the "selfish imperialism" of Britain, Russia, and Japan against the supposedly benevolent policies of the United States.{{sfnb|Hunt|1983|p=ix}} Over the next decades, American diplomats, missionaries, and businessmen took a special interest in China, many of them envisioning that China would follow the American example.{{sfnb|Hayford|1996|pp=139–141}} However these dreams proved difficult to realize. American investments, while considerable, did not reach major proportions; the Open Door policy could not protect China against Japanese interference, first the [[Manchurian Incident]] of 1931, then the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937–1945), and Chinese leaders, while willing to seek American aid, were not willing to play the passive role that the Open Door implied.<ref>Mark Atwood Lawrence, "Open Door Policy," ''Encyclopedia of the American Foreign Policy'', [https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/Open-Door-Policy.html online].</ref> In 1902, the U.S. government protested that the Russian incursion into [[Manchuria]] after the [[Boxer Rebellion]] was a violation of the Open Door Policy. When Japan replaced Russia in southern Manchuria after the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) the Japanese and American governments pledged to maintain a policy of equality in Manchuria. In 1905–1907 Japan made overtures to enlarge its sphere of influence to include [[Fujian]]. Japan was trying to obtain French loans and also avoid the Open Door Policy. Paris provided loans on condition that Japan respect the Open Door principles and not violate China's territorial integrity.<ref>Seung-young Kim, "Open Door or Sphere of Influence?: The Diplomacy of the Japanese–French Entente and Fukien Question, 1905–1907." ''International History Review'' 41#1 (2019): 105–129; see also [https://networks.h-net.org/node/28443/discussions/5408203/h-diplo-article-review-904-%E2%80%9Copen-door-or-sphere-influence Review by Noriko Kawamura in H-DIPLO.]</ref> In finance, American efforts to preserve the Open Door Policy led in 1909 to the formation of an international banking consortium through which all Chinese railroad loans agreed in 1917 to another exchange of notes between the United States and Japan. There were renewed assurances that the Open Door Policy would be respected, but the United States would recognize Japan's special interests in China (the [[Lansing–Ishii Agreement]]). The Open Door Policy had been further weakened by a series of secret treaties in 1917 between Japan and the Allied [[Triple Entente]] that promised Japan the German possessions in China after the successful conclusion of World War I.<ref name="Sugita 2003"/> The subsequent realization of the promise in the 1919 [[Versailles Treaty]] angered the Chinese public and sparked the protest known as the [[May Fourth Movement]]. The [[Nine-Power Treaty]], signed in 1922, expressly reaffirmed the Open Door Policy. In 1949, the United States State Department issued the ''[[China White Paper]]'', a selection of official documents on United States-China relations, 1900–1949. The introductory "Letter of Transmittal," signed by Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]], asserted that the United States policy had consistently maintained fundamental principles, "which include the doctrine of the Open Door...."{{sfnb|United States Department of State|1949|p=ix}} Since the policy effectively hindered Chinese sovereignty, the government of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] endeavored to revise the related treaties with foreign powers in the 1920s and 1930s. However, only after the conclusion of World War II would China manage to regain its full sovereignty.
Edit summary
(Briefly describe your changes)
By publishing changes, you agree to the
Terms of Use
, and you irrevocably agree to release your contribution under the
CC BY-SA 4.0 License
and the
GFDL
. You agree that a hyperlink or URL is sufficient attribution under the Creative Commons license.
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)