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Outline of physical science
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==General principles<span class="anchor" id="General principles of the physical sciences"></span>== * [[Principle]] β law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed, or is an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed. The principles of such a system are understood by its users as the essential characteristics of the system, or reflecting system's designed purpose, and the effective operation or use of which would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored. ===Basic principles of physics=== [[Outline of physics|Physics]] β branch of science that studies [[matter]]<!-- --><ref name="feynmanleightonsands1963-atomic"/> <!-- -->and its [[Motion (physics)|motion]] through [[Spacetime|space and time]], along with related concepts such as [[energy]] and [[force]].<!-- --><ref name="maxwell1878-physicalscience"/> <!-- --> Physics is one of the "[[fundamental science]]s" because the other natural sciences (like biology, geology, etc.) deal with systems that seem to obey the laws of physics. According to physics, the physical laws of matter, energy, and the fundamental forces of nature govern the interactions between particles and physical entities (such as planets, molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles). Some of the basic pursuits of physics, which include some of the most prominent developments in modern science in the last millennium, include: * Describing the nature, measuring and quantifying of bodies and their motion, dynamics etc. ** [[Newton's laws of motion]] ** [[Mass]], [[force]] and [[weight]] ** [[Momentum]] and [[conservation of energy]] ** [[Gravity]], theories of gravity ** [[Energy]], [[Work (physics)|work]], and their relationship ** [[Motion (physics)|Motion]], position, and [[energy]] ** Different forms of Energy, their interconversion and the inevitable loss of energy in the form of heat (Thermodynamics) ** [[Conservation of energy|Energy conservation]], [[energy conversion|conversion]], and transfer. ** [[Energy source]] the transfer of energy from one source to work in another. * [[Kinetic theory of gases|Kinetic molecular theory]] ** [[Phase (matter)|Phases of matter]] and [[phase transition]]s ** [[Temperature]] and [[thermometer]]s ** [[Energy]] and [[heat]] ** Heat flow: [[Heat conduction|conduction]], [[convection]], and [[thermal radiation|radiation]] ** The four [[laws of thermodynamics]] * The principles of [[wave]]s and [[sound]] * The principles of [[electricity]], [[magnetism]], and [[electromagnetism]] * The principles, sources, and properties of [[light]] ===Basic principles of astronomy=== [[Outline of astronomy|Astronomy]] β [[science]] of celestial bodies and their interactions in space. Its studies include the following: * The life and characteristics of [[stars]] and [[galaxies]] * Origins of the universe. Physical science uses the [[Big Bang]] theory as the commonly accepted scientific theory of the origin of the universe. * A [[heliocentric]] Solar System. Ancient cultures saw the Earth as the centre of the Solar System or universe (geocentrism). In the 16th century, Nicolaus [[Copernicus]] advanced the ideas of heliocentrism, recognizing the Sun as the centre of the Solar System. * The structure of [[planetary system|solar system]]s, [[planet]]s, [[comet]]s, [[asteroid]]s, and [[meteor]]s * The shape and structure of Earth (roughly spherical, see also [[Spherical Earth]]) * Earth in the Solar System * Time measurement * The composition and features of the [[Moon]] * Interactions of the Earth and Moon (Note: Astronomy should not be confused with [[astrology]], which assumes<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/about-us/145-people-in-astronomy/careers-in-astronomy/general-questions/899-what-s-the-difference-between-astronomy-and-astrology-beginner |title=What's the difference between astronomy and astrology? (Beginner) β Curious About Astronomy? Ask an Astronomer|last=Scharringhausen|first=Britt| website= curious.astro.cornell.edu |language=en-gb|access-date=2017-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=July 14, 2014|title=Astrology vs Astronomy: What's the Difference?|first =Maria|last = Temming|url=https://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/whats-difference-astrology-vs-astronomy/|work = Sky & Telescope}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/word/astrology |title=astrology {{!}} Origin and meaning of astrology by Online Etymology Dictionary|website= www.etymonline.com |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> that people's destiny and human affairs in general correlate to the apparent positions of astronomical objects in the sky β although the two fields share a common origin, they are quite different; astronomers embrace the [[scientific method]], while astrologers do not.) ===Basic principles of chemistry=== [[Outline of chemistry|Chemistry]] β branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of [[matter]].<ref name="definition"/><ref name="Chemistry"/> Chemistry is chiefly concerned with [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the [[chemical bond]]s formed between atoms to create [[chemical compound]]s. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of [[electron]]s and various forms of [[energy]] in [[photochemical reaction]]s, [[redox|oxidation-reduction reactions]], [[Phase transition|changes in phases of matter]], and [[Separation process|separation of mixtures]]. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as [[alloy]]s, [[polymer]]s, biological molecules, and [[pharmaceutical]] agents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry. [[File:Partial ordering of the sciences Balaban Klein Scientometrics2006 615-637.svg|450px|thumb|right|Chemistry, [[the central science]], partial ordering of the sciences proposed by Balaban and Klein.]] * [[Physical chemistry]] ** [[Chemical thermodynamics]] ** [[Chemical kinetics|Reaction kinetics]] ** [[Molecular structure]] ** [[Quantum chemistry]] ** [[Spectroscopy]] * [[Theoretical chemistry]] ** [[Electron configuration]] ** [[Molecular modelling]] ** [[Molecular dynamics]] ** [[Statistical mechanics]] * [[Computational chemistry]] ** [[Mathematical chemistry]] ** [[Cheminformatics]] * [[Nuclear chemistry]] ** The nature of the [[atomic nucleus]] ** Characterization of [[radioactive decay]] ** [[Nuclear reactions]] * [[Outline of organic chemistry|Organic chemistry]] ** [[Organic compounds]] ** [[Organic reaction]] ** [[Functional groups]] ** [[Organic synthesis]] * [[Inorganic chemistry]] ** [[Inorganic compounds]] ** [[Crystal structure]] ** [[Coordination complex|Coordination chemistry]] ** [[Solid-state chemistry]] * [[Outline of biochemistry|Biochemistry]] * [[Analytical chemistry]] ** [[Instrumental chemistry|Instrumental analysis]] ** [[Electroanalytical method]] ** [[Wet chemistry]] * [[Electrochemistry]] ** [[Redox reaction]] * [[Materials chemistry]] ===Basic principles of Earth science=== [[Outline of earth science|Earth science]] β the [[science]] of the planet [[Earth]], {{as of | 2018 | lc = on}} the only identified [[Planetary habitability|life-bearing planet]]. Its studies include the following: * The [[water cycle]] and the process of [[transpiration]] * [[Freshwater]] * [[Oceanography]] ** [[Weathering]] and [[erosion]] ** [[Rock (geology)|Rocks]] * [[Agrophysics]] * [[Soil science]] ** [[Pedogenesis]] ** [[Soil fertility]] * Earth's [[tectonics|tectonic]] structure * [[Geomorphology]] and [[Outline of geophysics|geophysics]] ** [[Physical geography]] ** [[Seismology|Seismology: stress, strain, and earthquakes]] ** Characteristics of [[mountain]]s and [[volcano]]es * Characteristics and formation of [[fossil]]s * [[Atmospheric sciences]] β the branches of science that study the atmosphere, its processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on these other systems. ** [[Atmosphere of Earth]] ** [[Atmospheric pressure]] and [[wind]]s ** [[Evaporation]], [[condensation]], and [[humidity]] ** [[Fog]] and [[cloud]]s * [[Outline of meteorology|Meteorology]], [[weather]], [[climatology]], and [[climate]] ** [[Hydrology]], [[cloud]]s and [[Precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] ** [[Air mass]]es and [[weather front]]s ** Major storms: [[thunderstorm]]s, [[tornado]]es, and [[hurricane]]s ** [[Climate#Climate classification|Major climate groups]] * [[Speleology]] ** [[Cave]]
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