Editing Pakistan Movement (section)

=== Rise of organised movement ===

The success of the All India Muhammadan Educational Conference as a part of the Aligarh Movement, the All-India Muslim League, was established with the support provided by Syed Ahmad Khan in 1906.<ref name="Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a)">Moore, Robin J. "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century, (2001a), pp. 422–446</ref> It was founded in [[Dhaka]] in a response to the reintegration of [[Bengal]] after a mass Hindu protest took place in the subcontinent. Earlier in 1905, viceroy [[Lord Curzon]] [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partitioned]] Bengal, which was favoured by the Muslims, since it gave them a Muslim majority in the eastern half.<ref>{{cite journal |author=John R. McLane |date=July 1965 |title=The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905 |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=221–237|doi=10.1177/001946466400200302 |s2cid=145706327 }}</ref>

In 1909 [[The Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]] promulgated the [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Council Act]] and met with a Muslim delegation led by [[Aga Khan III]],<ref>Pakistan was inevitable p. 51-52, Author Syed Hassan Riaz, published by University Karachi. {{ISBN|969-404-003-5}}</ref><ref>History of Pakistan Movement (1857–1947), p. 237-238, Author Prof. M. Azam Chaudhary, published by Abdullah Brothers, Urdu Bazar, Lahore</ref><ref>History of Pakistan and its background, p. 338. Author Syed Asghar Ali Shah Jafri, published by Evernew Book Palace, Circular road, Urdu Bazar, Lahore.</ref><ref>History of Pakistan, p. 58-59. Author Prof. Muhammed Khalilullah (Ex-Principal Federal Govt. Urdu College, Karachi; Former Dean Law Faculty, University of Karachi), published by Urdu Academy Sindh, Karachi.</ref> a deal to which Minto agreed.{{citation needed|date=June 2010}} The delegation consisted of 35 members, who each represented their respective region proportionately, mentioned hereunder.
[[File:HH the AGA KHAN 1936.jpg|thumb|Aga Khan III in 1936.]]

[[File:Siryedazam.jpg|thumb|260px|Nawab Mohsin ul Mulk, (left) who organised the Simla deputation, with Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (centre), Sir Syed's son [[Syed Mahmood|Justice Syed Mahmood]] (right). Syed Mahmood was the first Muslim to serve as a High Court judge in the British Raj.]]

# Sir [[Aga Khan III]] (Head of the delegation); ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# [[Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Muradabad]]).
# Maulvi Hafiz [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Delhi]]).
# Maulvi Syed Karamat Husain ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Maulvi Sharifuddin ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Nawab Syed Sardar Ali Khan ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Syed Abdul Rauf ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Maulvi Habiburrehman Khan ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# [[Sahibzada Aftab Ahmed Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Abdul Salam Khan ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Rampur]]).
# Raees Muhammed Ahtasham Ali ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Lucknow]])
# [[Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan|Khan Bahadur Muhammad Muzammilullah Khan]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# [[Haji Muhammed Ismail Khan]] ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Aligarh]]).
# Shehzada Bakhtiar Shah ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# [[Malik Umar Hayat Khan Tiwana]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Shahpur]]).
# Khan Bahadur [[Mian Shah Din|Muhammed Shah Deen]] ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
# [[Khan Bahadur Syed Nawab Ali Chaudhary]] ([[Bangal|Mymansingh]]).
# Nawab Bahadur Mirza Shuja'at Ali Baig ([[Bangal|Murshidabad]]).
# Nawab Nasir Hussain Khan Bahadur ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Khan Bahadur Syed Ameer Hassan Khan ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# Syed Muhammed Imam ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Nawab Sarfaraz Hussain Khan Bahadur ([[Bihar|Patna]]).
# Maulvi Rafeeuddin Ahmed ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Khan Bahadur Ahmed Muhaeeuddin ([[Southern India|Madras]]).
# Ibraheem Bhai Adamjee Pirbhai ([[Maharashtra|Bombay]]).
# Maulvi Abdul Raheem ([[Bangal|Calcutta]]).
# Syed Allahdad Shah ([[Sindh|Khairpur]]).
# Maulana H. M. Malik ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Nagpur]]).
# Khan Bahadur Col. Abdul Majeed Khan ([[Punjab region|Patiala]]).
# Khan Bahadur Khawaja Yousuf Shah ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
# Khan Bahadur [[Mian Muhammad Shafi]]. ([[Punjab, Pakistan|Lahore]]).
# Khan Bahadur Shaikh Ghulam Sadiq. ([[Punjab region|Amritsar]]).
# [[Syed Nabiullah]]. ([[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Allahabad]]).
# Khalifa Syed Muhammed Khan Bahadur. ([[Bihar|Patna]]).<ref>History of Pakistan. p. 232 to 234. by Muhammed Ali Chiragh, published by Sang-e-Meel Publications, Lahore. {{ISBN|969-35-0413-5}}.</ref>

Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.<ref name="Rizvi2000">{{cite book|author=H. Rizvi|title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|date=15 May 2000|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-59904-8|pages=69–|quote=The Muslim League maintained an elitist character until 1937 when its leadership began to engage in popular mobilisation. It functioned as a mass and popular party for 7-8 years after the Congress provincial ministries resigned in 1939, more so, after the passage of the Lahore Resolution in March 1940.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201047/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DZwGIDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Venkat Dhulipala|title=Creating a New Medina: State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PrqLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA50|date=9 February 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-25838-5|pages=50–|quote=During this growth spurt, the ML itself was transformed from an elite moribund organization into a mass-based party that gave itself a new constitution, a more radical ideology and a revamped organizational structure.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201044/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3DPrqLBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50|url-status=live}}</ref> Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Sebestyen|title=1946: The Making of the Modern World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sH4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT247|date=1 October 2014|publisher=Pan Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-74353-456-4|pages=247–|quote=That, too, had begun life as a cosy club of upper-class Indians, seeking a limited range of extra privileges for Indian Muslims. However, under the leadership of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the League grew rapidly to a membership of more than two million and its message became increasingly religious and separatist in tone.|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712201046/https://books.google.com/books%3Fid%3D8sH4AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT247|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Yasmin Khan |author-link=Yasmin Khan |year=2017 |orig-year=First published 2007 |title=The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |edition=New |publisher=Yale University Press |page=18 |isbn=978-0-300-23364-3 |quote=Although it was founded in 1909 the League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. The party had expanded astonishingly rapidly and was claiming over two million members by the early 1940s, an unimaginable result for what had been previously thought of as just one of the numerous pressure groups and small but insignificant parties. |access-date=27 April 2018 |archive-date=4 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204131030/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PEpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Muslim League's earliest base was the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The growth of the Muslim League in the Punjab, 1937–1946|journal=Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics|year=1982|volume=20|issue=1|pages=5–24|doi=10.1080/14662048208447395|quote=Despite their different viewpoints all these theories have tended either to concentrate on the All-India struggle between the Muslim League and the Congress in the pre-partition period or to turn their interest to the Muslim cultural heartland of the UP where the League gained its earliest foothold and where the demand for Pakistan was strongest.}}</ref> From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Talbot|first1=Ian|title=The role of the crowd in the Muslim League struggled for Pakistan|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|year=1993|volume=21|issue=2|pages=307–333|doi=10.1080/03086539308582893|quote=Huge crowds attended Muslim League meetings and flocked to glimpse Jinnah as he journeyed about India from 1937 onwards. They also joined in processions, strikes, and riots.}}</ref>