Editing Palladian architecture (section)

==Neo-Palladianism==

=== English Palladian architecture ===
[[File:Wanstead - intended design.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|[[Wanstead House]] (1722) – among the first, and largest, of the Neo-Palladian houses; the image is from Colen Campbell's ''Vitruvius Britannicus''.|alt=See caption]]
The Baroque style proved highly popular in continental Europe, but was often viewed with suspicion in England, where it was considered "theatrical, exuberant and Catholic."{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=63}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/10/baroque-british-architecture|first=Simon|last=Jenkins|title=English baroque architecture: seventy years of excess|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 September 2011|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701164521/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/10/baroque-british-architecture|url-status=live}}</ref> It was superseded in Britain in the first quarter of the 18th century when four books highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture.{{sfn|Summerson|1953|pp=295–297}}{{sfn|Cruikshank|1985|pp=6–7}} These were:
* ''[[Vitruvius Britannicus]]'' ''(The British Architect)'', published by [[Colen Campbell]] in 1715 (of which supplemental volumes appeared through the century);{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=188}}
* ''[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]'' ''(The Four Books of Architecture)'', by Palladio himself, translated by [[Giacomo Leoni]] and published from 1715 onwards;{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=188}}
* {{Lang|la|[[De re aedificatoria]]}} ''(On the Art of Building)'', by [[Leon Battista Alberti]], translated by Giacomo Leoni and published in 1726;{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=208}} and
* ''The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs'', published by [[William Kent]] in two volumes in 1727. A further volume, ''Some Designs of Mr. Inigo Jones and Mr. William Kent'' was published in 1744 by the architect [[John Vardy]], an associate of Kent.{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=208}}

The most favoured among patrons was the four-volume ''Vitruvius Britannicus'' by Campbell,{{sfn|Summerson|1953|pp=297–308}}{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=140}}{{refn|Modern scholarship suggests that Campbell's talents as a copyist and self-publicist exceeded his architectural ability. [[John Harris (curator)|John Harris]], in his 1995 catalogue ''The Palladian Revival'', accuses Campbell of "outrageous plagiari[sm]".{{sfn|Harris|1995|p=15}}|group=n}} The series contains architectural prints of British buildings inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio; at first mainly those of Inigo Jones, but the later works contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/palladianism-an-introduction#slideshow=877499804&slide=0|title=Palladianism – an introduction|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626071002/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/palladianism-an-introduction#slideshow=877499804&slide=0|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|[[Howard Colvin]] writes; "It was a book with a message, the superiority of ‘antique simplicity’ over the ‘affected and licentious’ forms of the Baroque".{{sfn|Colvin|1978|p=182}}|group=n}} These four books greatly contributed to Palladian architecture becoming established in 18th-century Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2015/sep/11/andrea-palladio-worlds-favourite-16c-architect-palladian-design-riba|first=Oliver|last=Wainright|title=Why Palladio is the world's favourite 16th-century architect|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 September 2015|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626065117/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2015/sep/11/andrea-palladio-worlds-favourite-16c-architect-palladian-design-riba|url-status=live}}</ref> Campbell and Kent became the most fashionable and sought-after architects of the era. Campbell had placed his 1715 designs for the colossal [[Wanstead House]] near to the front of ''Vitruvius Britannicus'', immediately following the engravings of buildings by Jones and Webb, "as an exemplar of what new architecture should be".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1038653/vitruvius-britannicus-or-the-british-print-colen-campbell/|title=''Vitruvius Britannicus, or The British Architect'', Volume I|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719093947/https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1038653/vitruvius-britannicus-or-the-british-print-colen-campbell/|url-status=live}}</ref> On the strength of the book, Campbell was chosen as the architect for [[Henry Hoare (banker)|Henry Hoare I]]'s [[Stourhead]] house.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1131104|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|title= Stourhead House|access-date= 25 June 2022|archive-date= 25 June 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220625131822/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1131104|url-status= live}}</ref> Hoare's brother-in-law, [[William Benson (architect)|William Benson]], had designed [[Wilbury House]], the earliest 18th-century Palladian house in Wiltshire, which Campbell had also illustrated in ''Vitruvius Britannicus''.{{sfn|Orbach|Pevsner|Cherry|2021|p=784}}{{refn|In 1718 [[William Benson (architect)|William Benson]] manoeuvred [[Sir Christopher Wren]] out of his post of [[Surveyor of the King's Works]], but held the job for less than a year; [[John Summerson]] notes, "Benson proved his incompetence with surprising promptitude and resigned in 1719".{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=170}}|group=n}}
[[File:Holkham-Hall-South-Facafe.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Holkham Hall]], South front (1734) – the four flanking wings are elevated, in height and importance, almost to the status of the central block.|alt=See caption]]

At the forefront of the new school of design was the "architect earl", [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington]], according to [[Dan Cruikshank]] the "man responsible for this curious elevation of Palladianism to the rank of a quasi-religion".{{sfn|Cruikshank|1985|p=8}}{{sfn|Summerson|1953|pp=308–309}}{{refn|[[James Stevens Curl]] considers Burlington, "one of the most potent influences on the development of English architecture in its entire history".{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=128}}|group=n}} In 1729 he and Kent designed [[Chiswick House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chiswick-house/history/|title=History of Chiswick House and Gardens|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619205455/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/chiswick-house/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Summerson|1953|pp=309–313}} This house was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament.{{sfn|Yarwood|1970|p=104}} This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of English Palladianism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/palladianism-an-introduction#slideshow=877499804&slide=0|title=Palladianism – An Introduction|publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702082544/https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/palladianism-an-introduction#slideshow=877499804&slide=0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1734 Kent and Burlington designed [[Holkham Hall]] in [[Norfolk]].{{sfn|Bold|1988|p=141}}<ref name= NHLEHolkham>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1373659|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|title= Holkham Hall|access-date= 25 June 2022|archive-date= 25 June 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220625090508/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1373659|url-status= live}}</ref> [[James Stevens Curl]] considers it "the most splendid Palladian house in England".{{sfn|Curl|2016|p=409}} The main block of the house followed Palladio's dictates, but his low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. Kent attached them to the design, banished the farm animals, and elevated the wings to almost the same importance as the house itself.{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=194}} It was the development of the flanking wings that was to cause English Palladianism to evolve from being a pastiche of Palladio's original work. Wings were frequently adorned with porticos and pediments, often resembling, as at the much later [[Kedleston Hall]], small [[country houses]] in their own right.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1311507|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|title= Kedleston Hall|access-date= 25 June 2022|archive-date= 2 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702200544/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1311507|url-status= live}}</ref>{{refn|At Holkham, the four wings contain a chapel, a kitchen, a guest wing and a private family wing.<ref name= NHLEHolkham/>|group=n}}

[[File:Woburn Abbey.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Woburn Abbey]] (1746) – designed by Burlington's student [[Henry Flitcroft]] and showing further development of the wings|alt=See caption]]
Architectural styles evolve and change to suit the requirements of each individual client. When in 1746 the [[John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]] decided to rebuild [[Woburn Abbey]], he chose the fashionable Palladian style, and selected the architect [[Henry Flitcroft]], a protégé of Burlington.<ref name=NHLEWoburn>{{cite web|url= https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1114006?section=official-list-entry|publisher= [[Historic England]]|work= [[National Heritage List for England]]|title= Woburn Abbey: Official list entry|access-date= 25 June 2022|archive-date= 2 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702200717/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1114006?section=official-list-entry|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=64&ctid=1&cid=13|title=Henry Flitcroft – 'Burlington Harry'|publisher=Twickenham Museum|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524025147/http://www.twickenham-museum.org.uk/detail.php?aid=64&cid=13&ctid=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Flitcroft's designs, while Palladian in nature, had to comply with the Duke's determination that the plan and footprint of the earlier house, originally a [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] monastery, be retained.{{sfn|O'Brien|Pevsner|2014|p=331}} The central block is small, has only three bays, while the temple-like portico is merely suggested, and is closed. Two great flanking wings containing a vast suite of [[state room]]s{{sfn|Jenkins|2003|pp=5–6}} replace the walls or colonnades which should have connected to the farm buildings;{{refn|The architectural historian [[Mark Girouard]], in his work, ''Life In The English Country House'', notes that the arrangement developed by Palladio with the wings of the villa containing farm buildings was never followed in England. Although there are examples in Ireland and in North America, such "a close connection between house and farm was entirely at variance with the English tradition".{{sfn|Girouard|1980|p=151}}|group=n}} the farm buildings terminating the structure are elevated in height to match the central block and given [[Palladian window]]s, to ensure they are seen as of Palladian design.{{sfn|O'Brien|Pevsner|2014|p=332}} This development of the style was to be repeated in many houses and town halls in Britain over one hundred years. Often the terminating blocks would have blind porticos and pilasters themselves, competing for attention with, or complementing the central block. This was all very far removed from the designs of Palladio two hundred years earlier. Falling from favour during the [[Victorian era]], the approach was revived by Sir [[Aston Webb]] for his refacing of [[Buckingham Palace]] in 1913.{{sfn|Sutcliffe|2006|p=94}}{{refn|[[Aston Webb|Sir Aston Webb]] drew inspiration for his Buckingham Palace east frontage from the south front of [[Lyme Park]], [[Cheshire]] by [[Giacomo Leoni]] (1686–1746).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2303717-c|title=Lyme Park, Cheshire|publisher=Royal Collection Trust|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=11 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711062706/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2303717-c|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedicamillo.com/house/lyme-park-lyme-hall/|title=Lyme Park (Lyme Hall)|publisher=DiCamillo|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=17 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517021239/https://www.thedicamillo.com/house/lyme-park-lyme-hall/|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}}

The villa tradition continued throughout the late 18th century, particularly in the suburbs around London. [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]] built many examples, such as [[Parkstead House]].{{sfn|Worsley|1996|p=82}} But the grander English Palladian houses were no longer the small but exquisite weekend retreats that their Italian counterparts were intended as. They had become "power houses", in Sir John Summerson's words, the symbolic centres of the triumph and dominance of the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig Oligarchy]] who ruled Britain unchallenged for some fifty years after the death of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].{{sfn|Ruhl|2011|p=2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/review-andrea-palladio-his-life-and-legacy|first=Michael|last=Spens|title=Andrea Palladio and the New Spirit in Architecture|publisher=Studio International Foundation|date=14 February 2009|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705134113/https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/review-andrea-palladio-his-life-and-legacy|url-status=live}}</ref> Summerson thought Kent's [[Horse Guards (building)|Horse Guards]] on Whitehall epitomised "the establishment of Palladianism as the official style of Great Britain".{{sfn|Summerson|1953|p=208}} As the style peaked, thoughts of mathematical proportion were swept away. Rather than square houses with supporting wings, these buildings had the length of the façade as their major consideration: long houses often only one room deep were deliberately deceitful in giving a false impression of size.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=70}}

=== Irish Palladian architecture ===
[[File:Castletown House 7.jpg|alt=See caption|left|thumb|[[Castletown House]] (1722) – an Irish Palladian house where the wings flank, but are separate from the house and are joined by colonnades, closely following Palladio's approach]]
During the Palladian revival period in Ireland, even modest mansions were cast in a neo-Palladian mould. Irish Palladian architecture subtly differs from the England style. While adhering as in other countries to the basic ideals of Palladio, it is often truer to them.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=55}} In Ireland, Palladianism became political; both the [[Parliament House, Dublin|original]] and the [[Leinster House|present]] [[Oireachtas|Irish parliaments]] in [[Dublin]] occupy Palladian buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings/architectural-styles--periods-|title=Palladian style (1720–1770)|publisher=[[Dublin Civic Trust]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523032413/http://www.dublincivictrust.ie/dublins-buildings/architectural-styles--periods-|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|So much of Dublin was built in the 18th century that it set a [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] stamp on the city; however, due to poor planning and poverty, Dublin was until recently one of the few cities where fine 18th-century housing could be seen in ruinous condition.{{sfn|Casey|2005|pp=78–79}}|group=n}}

The Irish architect Sir [[Edward Lovett Pearce]] (1699–1733) became a leading advocate.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|pp=55–59}} He was a cousin of Sir John Vanbrugh, and originally one of his pupils. He rejected the Baroque style, and spent three years studying architecture in France and Italy before returning to Ireland. His most important Palladian work is the former [[Irish Houses of Parliament]] in Dublin.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=59}} Christine Casey, in her 2005 volume ''Dublin'', in the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Pevsner Buildings of Ireland]] series, considers the building, "arguably the most accomplished public set-piece of the Palladian style in [Britain]".{{sfn|Casey|2005|p=380}} Pearce was a prolific architect who went on to design the southern façade of [[Drumcondra House]] in 1725<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/35398/CO.+DUBLIN%2C+DUBLIN%2C+GRACE+PARK+ROAD%2C+DRUMCONDRA+HOUSE|title=Sir Edward Lovett Pearce – Drumcondra House, Dublin|publisher=Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720–1940|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703065431/https://www.dia.ie/works/view/35398/CO.+DUBLIN,+DUBLIN,+GRACE+PARK+ROAD,+DRUMCONDRA+HOUSE|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Summerhill House]] in 1731,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.soane.org/SCHEME1164|title=Summerhill, Co. Meath|publisher=Sir John Soane's Museum|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205171044/http://collections.soane.org/SCHEME1164|url-status=live}}</ref> which was completed after his death by [[Richard Cassels]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sir Edward Lovett Pearce 1699–1733: the Palladian architect and his buildings|first=Pat|last=Sheridan|journal=[[Dublin Historical Record]]|volume=67|issue=2|year=2014|pages=19–25|jstor=24615990}}</ref> Pearce also oversaw the building of [[Castletown House]] near Dublin, designed by the Italian architect [[Alessandro Galilei]] (1691–1737).{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=55}} It is perhaps the only Palladian house in Ireland built with Palladio's mathematical ratios, and one of a number of Irish mansions which inspired the design of the [[White House]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/meet-man-designed-built-white-house|first=Eva|last=Fedderly|title=Meet the Man who Designed and Built the White House|work=[[Architectural Digest]]|date=11 March 2021|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816080525/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/meet-man-designed-built-white-house|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other examples include [[Russborough]], designed by Richard Cassels,{{sfn|MacDonnell|2002|p=77}} who also designed the Palladian [[Rotunda Hospital]] in Dublin and [[Florence Court]] in [[County Fermanagh]].{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=70}} Irish Palladian country houses often feature robust [[Rococo]] plasterwork – an Irish specialty which was frequently executed by the [[Lafranchini brothers]] and far more flamboyant than the interiors of their contemporaries in England.{{sfn|O'Brien|Guinness|1993|pp=246–247}} In the 20th century, during and following the [[Irish War of Independence]] and the subsequent [[Irish Civil War|civil war]], large numbers of [[Destruction of Irish country houses (1919-1923)|Irish country houses]], including some fine Palladian examples such as [[Woodstock Estate|Woodstock House]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/woodstock-house-co.-kilke/palladian-architecture/|title=Palladian architecture|publisher=Ask About Ireland|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=15 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915053246/https://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/architecture/woodstock-house-co.-kilke/palladian-architecture/|url-status=live}}</ref> were abandoned to ruin or destroyed.{{sfn|MacDonnell|2002|loc=Introduction}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/irish-ruins|first=Harry|last=Mount|title=Irish Ruins|work=[[The Spectator]]|date=16 March 2019|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419012550/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/irish-ruins/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cshihe.wordpress.com/2020/05/28/the-power-of-ruins/|first=Terence|last=Dooley|title=The Power of Ruins|publisher=Centre for the Study of Historic Irish Houses and Estates (CSHIHE)|date=28 May 2022|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414232734/https://cshihe.wordpress.com/2020/05/28/the-power-of-ruins/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|Kilboy House, in [[Dolla, County Tipperary]] is a Palladian mansion that first burnt down in 1922. The reconstructed house was again destroyed by fire in 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/22402609/kilboy-house-kilboy-kilmore-pr-n-r-tipperary-north|title=Kilboy House|publisher=National Inventory of Architectural Heritage|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128224531/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/22402609/kilboy-house-kilboy-kilmore-pr-n-r-tipperary-north|url-status=live}}</ref> and was rebuilt in a Palladian style by [[Quinlan Terry]] and his son [[Francis Terry (architect)|Francis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ftanda.co.uk/projects/house-in-ireland/|title=Kilboy House|publisher=Francis Terry and Associates|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723210357/https://ftanda.co.uk/projects/house-in-ireland/|url-status=live}}</ref> for [[Tony Ryan]], the founder of [[Ryanair]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/ryans-to-rebuild-18th-century-mansion-26388256.html|first=Peter|last=Gleeson|title=Ryans to rebuild 18th century mansion|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=6 April 2006|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723210000/https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/ryans-to-rebuild-18th-century-mansion-26388256.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]] described Kilboy as "the greatest new house in Europe".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.countrylife.co.uk/publication/country-life/country-life-september-7-2016|first=Agnes|last=Stamp|title=Contents|work=[[Country Life (magazine)|Country Life]]|date=7 September 2016|access-date=24 July 2022|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814130348/https://www.countrylife.co.uk/publication/country-life/country-life-september-7-2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garlandconsultancy.com/our-projects/conservation-and-restoration/kilboy-house.html|title=Kilboy House|publisher=Garland Consultants|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208035757/https://www.garlandconsultancy.com/our-projects/conservation-and-restoration/kilboy-house.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}}

=== North American Palladian architecture ===
[[File:Hammond-Harwood House (Md. Ave. Facade).jpg|thumb|right|[[Hammond-Harwood House]] (1774) – modelled after the [[Villa Pisani (Montagnana)|Villa Pisani]] from ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''|alt=See caption]]
Palladio's influence in North America is evident almost from its first architect-designed buildings.{{refn|A brief survey is [[Robert Tavernor]], "Anglo-Palladianism and the birth of a new nation" in ''Palladio and Palladianism'', (1991), pp.181–209; [[Walter Muir Whitehill]], ''Palladio in America'', (1978) is still the standard work.|group=n}} The Irish philosopher [[George Berkeley]], who may be America's first recorded Palladian, bought a large farmhouse in [[Middletown, Rhode Island|Middletown]], [[Rhode Island]], in the late 1720s, and added a Palladian doorcase derived from Kent's ''Designs of Inigo Jones'' (1727), which he may have brought with him from London.{{sfn|Gaustad|1979|p=70}} Palladio's work was included in the library of a thousand volumes amassed for [[Yale College]].{{sfn|Gaustad|1979|p=86}} [[Peter Harrison (architect)|Peter Harrison]]'s 1749 designs for the [[Redwood Library and Athenaeum|Redwood Library]] in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]], borrow directly from Palladio's ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'', while his plan for the Newport Brick Market, conceived a decade later, is also Palladian.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= [[The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.]] |url=http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html |title= Building America |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223094953/http://www.palladiancenter.org/patternbooks.html |archive-date=23 December 2009|access-date=2 July 2022 |year= 2009}}</ref>

Two colonial period houses that can be definitively attributed to designs from ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' are the [[Hammond-Harwood House]] (1774) in [[Annapolis, Maryland]], and [[Thomas Jefferson]]'s first [[Monticello]] (1770). Hammond-Harwood was designed by the architect [[William Buckland (architect)|William Buckland]] in 1773–1774 for the wealthy farmer Matthias Hammond of [[Anne Arundel County]], Maryland. The design source is the Villa Pisani,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.]] |url=http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html |title= Palladio and English-American Palladianism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023050942/http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html |archive-date=23 October 2009|access-date=2 July 2022 |year=2009}}</ref> and that for the first Monticello, the [[Villa Cornaro]] at [[Piombino Dese]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-30-ca-palladio30-story.html|first=Christopher|last=Hawthorne|title=A very fine Italian House|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 November 2008|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=19 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619171848/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-30-ca-palladio30-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Both are taken from Book II, Chapter XIV of ''I quattro libri dell'architettura''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ejhyipi5ip4.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hammondharwood_tour.pdf|first=Sarah B.|last=Benson|title=Hammond-Harwood House Architectural Tour|page=7|publisher=[[Hammond-Harwood House]] Museum|access-date=19 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615015032/https://ejhyipi5ip4.exactdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/hammondharwood_tour.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Jefferson later made substantial alterations to Monticello, known as the second Monticello (1802–1809),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/the-house/house-faqs/|title=Monticello House and Garden FAQs|publisher=Monticello.org|access-date=3 July 2022|archive-date=20 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620000942/https://www.monticello.org/house-gardens/the-house/house-faqs/|url-status=live}}</ref> making the Hammond-Harwood House the only remaining house in North America modelled directly on a Palladian design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MD-01-003-0010|title=Hammond-Harwood House|date=17 July 2018|publisher=[[Society of Architectural Historians]]|access-date=16 July 2022|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706062634/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/MD-01-003-0010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hammondharwoodhouse.org/index.php?id=33|title=The Palladian Connection|publisher=[[Hammond-Harwood House]]|access-date=2 December 2011|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114439/http://www.hammondharwoodhouse.org/index.php?id=33|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.JPG|thumb|left|Thomas Jefferson's "second" [[Monticello]] (1772)|alt=See caption]]
Jefferson referred to ''I quattro libri dell'architettura'' as his [[bible]].{{refn|An exhibition, ''Jefferson and Palladio: Constructing a New World'' was held at the Palladio Museum in [[Vicenza]] in 2015–2016. The exhibition was dedicated to [[Valmarana family|Mario Valmarana]], Professor of Architecture at the [[University of Virginia]] and a descendant of the family who commissioned Palladio to design the [[Villa Valmarana (Lisiera)|Villa Valmarana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.palladiomuseum.org/exhibitions/jefferson/333?lang=en|title=Jefferson and Palladio: Constructing a New World|publisher=Palladio Museum|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528131523/https://www.palladiomuseum.org/exhibitions/jefferson/333?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ribapix.com/Villa-Valmarana-Lisiera_RIBA53447|title=Villa Valmarana, Lisiera|publisher=[[Royal Institute of British Architects]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626081516/https://www.ribapix.com/Villa-Valmarana-Lisiera_RIBA53447|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}} Although a statesman, his passion was architecture,{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976| pp=139–141}} and he developed an intense appreciation of Palladio's architectural concepts; his designs for the [[James Barbour]] [[Barboursville (James Barbour)|Barboursville]] estate, the [[Virginia State Capitol]], and the [[University of Virginia]] campus were all based on illustrations from Palladio's book.{{sfn|De Witt|Piper|2019|p=1}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/thomas-jeffersons-library/interactives/palladio-architecture/|title=Thomas Jefferson's Library – The architecture of A. Palladio|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|access-date=26 June 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816074222/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/thomas-jeffersons-library/interactives/palladio-architecture/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|In a letter to James Oldham, dated Christmas Eve 1804, Jefferson wrote, "there never was a Palladio here even in private hands until I brought one. I send you my portable edition. It contains only the 1st book on the [[Classical order|orders]], which is the essential part".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/1820|title=Extract from Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham|date=24 December 1804|access-date=2 July 2022|publisher=Monticello.org|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703062858/https://tjrs.monticello.org/letter/1820|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n}} Realising the political significance of ancient Roman architecture to the fledgling American Republic, Jefferson designed his civic buildings, such as [[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]],{{sfn|Farber|Reed|1980|p=107}} in the Palladian style, echoing in his buildings for the [[Republicanism in the United States|new republic]] examples from the [[Roman Republic|old]].{{sfn|Tavernor|1991|p=188}}

In [[Virginia]] and the [[Carolinas]], the Palladian style is found in numerous [[Plantation complexes in the Southeastern United States#Plantation house|plantation house]]s, such as [[Stratford Hall Plantation|Stratford Hall]],{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=121}} [[Westover Plantation]]{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=127}} and [[Drayton Hall]].{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|p=84}} Westover's north and south entrances, made of imported English [[Portland stone]], were patterned after a plate in William Salmon's ''Palladio Londinensis'' (1734).{{sfn|Severens|1981|p=37}}{{refn|Specifically, both doors seem to have been derived from plates XXV and XXVI of ''Palladio Londinensis'', a builder's guide first published in London in 1734, the year when the doorways may have been installed.{{sfn|Morrison|1952|p=340}}|group=n}} The distinctive feature of Drayton Hall, its two-storey portico, was derived from Palladio,{{sfn|Severens|1981|p=38}} as was [[Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia|Mount Airy]], in [[Richmond County, Virginia]], built in 1758–1762.{{sfn|Guinness|Sadler|1976|pp=107–111}} A particular feature of American Palladianism was the re-emergence of the great portico which, as in Italy, fulfilled the need of protection from the sun; the portico in various forms and size became a dominant feature of American colonial architecture. In the north European countries the portico had become a mere symbol, often closed, or merely hinted at in the design by pilasters, and sometimes in very late examples of English Palladianism adapted to become a [[porte-cochère]]; in America, the Palladian portico regained its full glory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbm.org/palladio-legacy-transatlantic-journey/|first=Calder|last=Loth|title=Palladio and his legacy – a transatlantic journey|publisher=[[National Building Museum]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=2 July 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628030930/https://www.nbm.org/palladio-legacy-transatlantic-journey/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:University of Virginia Rotunda in 2006.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Rotunda (University of Virginia)|The Rotunda]], [[University of Virginia]] (1822–1826)|alt=See caption]]

[[The White House]] in Washington, D.C., was inspired by Irish Palladianism.<ref name="auto"/> Its architect [[James Hoban]], who built the executive mansion between 1792 and 1800, was born in [[Callan, County Kilkenny|Callan]], [[County Kilkenny]], in 1762, the son of tenant farmers on the estate of [[Desart Court]], a Palladian House designed by Pearce.<ref>{{cite web|title=Co. Kilkenney, Desart Court|publisher=Dictionary of Irish Architects|url=https://www.dia.ie/works/view/13450/building/CO.+KILKENNY,+DESART+COURT|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=23 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723085447/https://www.dia.ie/works/view/13450/building/CO.+KILKENNY,+DESART+COURT|url-status=live}}</ref> He studied architecture in Dublin, where [[Leinster House]] (built {{circa|1747}}) was one of the finest Palladian buildings of the time.<ref name="auto"/> Both Cassel's Leinster House and [[James Wyatt]]'s [[Castle Coole]] have been cited as Hoban's inspirations for the White House but the more [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] design of that building, particularly of the South façade which closely resembles Wyatt's 1790 design for Castle Coole, suggests that Coole is perhaps the more direct [[progenitor]]. The architectural historian [[Gervase Jackson-Stops]] describes Castle Coole as "a culmination of the Palladian traditions, yet strictly neoclassical in its chaste ornament and noble austerity",{{sfn|Jackson-Stops|1990|p=106}} while Alistair Rowan, in his 1979 volume, ''North West Ulster'', of the [[Pevsner Architectural Guides|Buildings of Ireland]] series, suggests that, at Coole, Wyatt designed a building, "more massy, more masculine and more totally liberated from Palladian practice than anything he had done before."{{sfn|Rowan|1979|p=176}}

Because of its later development, Palladian architecture in Canada is rarer. In her 1984 study, ''Palladian Style in Canadian Architecture'', Nathalie Clerk notes its particular impact on public architecture, as opposed to the private houses in the United States.{{sfn|Clerk|1984|p=5}} One example of historical note is the [[Province House (Nova Scotia)|Nova Scotia Legislature building]], completed in 1819.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14222&pid=0 |title=Province House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher=[[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702194201/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=14222&pid=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another example is [[Government House (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Government House]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13399&pid=0 |title= Government House National Historic Site of Canada |publisher= [[Canadian Register of Historic Places]] |access-date= 19 June 2022 |archive-date= 2 July 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220702194558/https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=13399&pid=0 |url-status= live }}</ref>

===Palladianism elsewhere===
[[File:Berlin - Staatsoper Unter den Linden.jpg|thumb|right|[[Berlin State Opera|Berlin Opera House (1743)]]|alt=See caption]]
The rise of neo-Palladianism in England contributed to its adoption in [[Prussia]]. Count [[Francesco Algarotti]] wrote to Lord Burlington to inform him that he was recommending to [[Frederick the Great]] the adoption in his own country of the architectural style Burlington had introduced in England.{{sfn|Lees-Milne|1986|p=120}} By 1741, [[Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff]] had already begun construction of the [[Berlin State Opera|Berlin Opera House]] on the [[Unter den Linden]], based on Campbell's [[Wanstead House]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wansteadpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Architecture-of-Wanstead-House-Part4.pdf|first=Ray|last=Weekes|title=The Architecture of Wansted House|access-date=20 June 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805153630/https://wansteadpark.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Architecture-of-Wanstead-House-Part4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Palladianism was particularly adopted in areas under [[British Empire|British colonial rule]]. Examples can be seen in the [[Indian subcontinent]]; the [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata]] (formerly Government House) was modelled on [[Kedleston Hall]],{{sfn|Metcalf|1989|p=12}} while the architectural historian Pilar Maria Guerrieri identifies its influences in [[Lutyens' Delhi]].{{sfn|Guerrieri|2021|pp=4–7}} In South Africa, Federico Freschi notes the "[[Tuscan order|Tuscan]] [[colonnade]]s and Palladian windows" of [[Herbert Baker]]'s [[Union Buildings]].{{sfn|Freschi|2017|p=65}}