Editing Perak (section)

=== Sultanate of Perak ===
By the 15th century, a kingdom named Beruas had come into existence. [[Epigraphy|Inscriptions]] found on early [[tombstone]]s of the period show clear [[Islam]]ic influence, believed to have originated from the [[Malacca Sultanate|Sultanate of Malacca]], the east coast of the Malay Peninsula, and the rural areas of the [[Perak River]].<ref name="Perak brief history"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/eventspriortobr00peragoog/page/n68|title=Events Prior to British Ascendancy ...: Notes on Perak History ...|author1=Richard James Wilkinson|author2=Cuthbert Woodville Harrison|work=[[Harvard University]]|publisher=J. Russell at the F.M.S. gov't press, [[Internet Archive]]|year=1908|access-date=16 September 2019|page=59}}</ref> The first organised local government systems to emerge in Perak were the Manjung government and several other governments in Central and Hulu Perak (Upper Perak) under Raja Roman and Tun Saban.<ref name="Perak brief history"/> With the spread of Islam, a sultanate subsequently emerged in Perak; the second oldest Muslim kingdom in the Malay Peninsula after the neighbouring [[Kedah Sultanate]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Perak Sultanate: Ancient and Modern|author=Khoo Kay Kim|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1986|volume=59|issue=1|pages=1–26|jstor=41493032}}</ref> Based on ''Salasilah Raja-Raja Perak'' (Perak Royal Genealogy), the Perak Sultanate was formed in the early 16th century on the banks of the Perak River by the eldest son of [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca|Mahmud Shah]], the 8th [[Malacca Sultanate|Sultan of Malacca]].<ref name="US commercial relations">{{cite book|title=Commercial Relations of the United States with Foreign Countries During the Years ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TfcCPR9HMC&q=perak+rivers&pg=PA486|year=1904|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=486–488}}</ref><ref name="Sultanate of Perak background">{{cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2018/07/388675/story-behind-malaysias-second-oldest-sultanate-uncovered|title=The story behind Malaysia's second oldest sultanate uncovered|author=Alan Teh Leam Seng|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=8 July 2018|access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak|title=Senarai Sultan Perak|trans-title=List of Sultans of Perak|language=ms|publisher=The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907035014/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/senarai-sultan-perak|archive-date=7 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> He ascended to the throne as Muzaffar Shah I, first Sultan of Perak, after surviving the [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|capture of Malacca]] by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1511 and living quietly for a period in [[Siak Regency|Siak]] on the island of [[Sumatra]]. He became sultan through the efforts of Tun Saban, a local leader and trader between Perak and Klang.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> There had been no sultan in Perak when Tun Saban first arrived in the area from [[Kampar Regency|Kampar]] in Sumatra.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak">{{cite web|url=http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong|title=Tok Temong (Keramat Tok Temong)|language=ms|publisher=The Administration Office of His Majesty the Sultan of Perak|access-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015042530/http://sultan.perak.gov.my/index.php/informasi-kesultanan/sejarah/tok-temong|archive-date=15 October 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of the area's residents were traders from Malacca and [[Selangor]], and from Siak, Kampar, and [[Jambi]] in Sumatra. Among them was an old woman, Tok Masuka from [[Daik]], who raised a Temusai child named Nakhoda Kassim.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak"/> Before her death, she called on the ancestors of [[Sang Sapurba]] to take her place, to prevent the royal lineage from disappearing from the Malay Peninsula. Tun Saban and Nakhoda Kassim then travelled to Kampar, where Mahmud Shah agreed to their request and named his son the first Sultan of Perak.<ref name="background of the Sultanate of Perak"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UliAAAAMAAJ&q=Siak++|year=1986}}</ref>

Perak's administration became more organised after the sultanate was established and adopted Malacca's form of elective monarchy.<ref name="varous theories"/> With the opening up of Perak in the 16th century, the state became a source of tin ore. It appears that anyone was free to trade in the commodity, although the tin trade did not attract significant attention until the 1610s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paulo Jorge de Sousa Pinto|title=The Portuguese and the Straits of Melaka, 1575-1619: Power, Trade, and Diplomacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9hRAQAAMAAJ|year=2012|publisher=NUS Press|isbn=978-967-9948-51-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Mohamad Rashidi Pakri|author2=Nik Haslinda Nik Hussain|title=Klian Intan: Perlombongan Bijih Timah dan Perkembangan Sosioekonomi (Penerbit USM)|trans-title=Klian Intan: Tin Mining and Socio-Economic Development (USM Publisher)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rdw8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|year=2017|language=ms|publisher=Penerbit USM|isbn=978-967-461-134-7|pages=35–}}</ref>

[[File:Aceh Sultanate en.svg|thumb|left|[[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]]'s influence in Perak, [[Kedah Sultanate|Kedah]], [[Sultan of Pahang|Pahang]], and [[Terengganu Sultanate|Terengganu]] on the [[Malay Peninsula]], {{circa|1570s}}]]

Throughout the 1570s, the [[Aceh Sultanate|Sultanate of Aceh]] subjected most parts of the Malay Peninsula to continual harassment.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref name="Andaya1982">{{cite book |author=Barbara Watson Andaya |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-16927-6 |title=History Of Malaysia |date=11 November 1982 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-349-16927-6 |pages=61–117|doi=10.1007/978-1-349-16927-6 }}</ref> The sudden disappearance of Perak's Sultan [[Mansur Shah I of Perak|Mansur Shah I]] in 1577 gave rise to rumours of abduction by Acehnese forces.<ref name="Andaya1982"/> Soon afterwards, the late sultan's widow and his 16 children were taken as captives to Sumatra.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref name="Andaya1982"/> Sultan Mansur Shah I's eldest son, Raja [[Alauddin Mansur Syah]], married an Acehnese princess and subsequently became the Sultan of Aceh. The Sultanate of Perak was left without a ruling monarch, and Perak nobles went to Aceh in the same year to ask the new Sultan Alauddin for a successor.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> The ruler sent his younger brother to become Perak's third monarch. Sultan [[Ahmad Tajuddin Shah of Perak|Ahmad Tajuddin Shah]] ruled Perak for seven years, maintaining the unbroken lineage of the Malacca dynasty.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> Although Perak did fall under the authority of the Acehnese Sultanate, it remained entirely independent of Siamese control for over two hundred years from 1612,<ref name="Andaya1982"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA152|year=1841|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|pages=152–}}</ref> in contrast with its neighbour, Kedah, and many of the Malay sultanates in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which became [[tributary state]]s of Siam.<ref name="Blagden1925">{{cite book|author=Charles Otto Blagden|title=British Malaya, 1824-67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8QmAQAAMAAJ&q=tributary+Malays|year=1925|publisher=Methodist Publishing House}}</ref><ref name="Stearn2019">{{cite book|author=Duncan Stearn|title=Slices of Thai History: From the curious & controversial to the heroic & hardy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qX6ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|date=25 March 2019|publisher=Proglen Trading Co., Ltd.|isbn=978-616-456-012-3|pages=56–}}</ref> In 1620, the Acehnese sultanate [[Acehnese conquest of Perak|invaded]] Perak and captured its sultan.

When Sultan [[Salehuddin of Perak|Sallehuddin Riayat Shah]] died without an heir in 1635, a state of uncertainty prevailed in Perak. This was exacerbated by a deadly [[cholera epidemic]] that swept through the state, killing many royal family members.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/> Perak chieftains were left with no alternative but to turn to Aceh's sultan [[Iskandar Thani]], who sent his relative, Raja Sulong, to become the new Sultan of Perak as [[Muzaffar Shah II of Perak|Muzaffar Shah II]].

Aceh's influence on Perak began to wane when the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) arrived, in the mid-17th century.<ref name="Andaya1982"/> When Perak refused to enter into a contract with the VOC as its northern neighbours had done, a blockade of the Perak River was ordered that halted the tin trade, causing suffering among Aceh's merchants.<ref name="Prakash1998">{{cite book|author=Om Prakash|title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hciTRYbE27gC&pg=PA235|date=28 June 1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25758-9|pages=235–}}</ref> In 1650, Aceh's sultana [[Taj ul-Alam]] ordered Perak to sign an agreement with the VOC, on the condition that the tin trade would be conducted exclusively with Aceh's merchants.<ref name="US commercial relations"/><ref name="Prakash1998"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ali Hasymy|title=59 &#91;i.e. Limapuluh sembilan&#93; tahun Aceh merdeka di bawah pemerintahan ratu|trans-title=59 &#91;i.e. Fifty nine&#93; years of Aceh independence under the rule of queen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vk8bAAAAIAAJ&q=Taj+ul-Alam+perak+tin+dutch|year=1977|language=id|publisher=Bulan Bintang}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan|title=Sovereign Women in a Muslim Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah5qDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106|date=27 April 2018|publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc.|isbn=978-981-325-005-5|pages=106–}}</ref> By the following year, the VOC had secured a monopoly over the tin trade, setting up a store in Perak.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> Following long competition between Aceh and the VOC over Perak's tin trade,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30695568.pdf|title=Rule Behind the Silk Curtain: The Sultanahs of Aceh 1641-1699|author=Sher Banu. A Latiff Khan|publisher=Centre for Editing Lives and Letters (Cell) [[Queen Mary University of London]]|via=CORE|year=2009|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912050521/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/30695568.pdf|archive-date=12 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> on 15 December 1653, the two parties jointly signed a treaty with Perak granting the Dutch exclusive rights to tin extracted from mines located in the state.<ref name="Sultanate of Perak background"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ReclAAAAMAAJ&q=15+December+1653+aceh+perak+dutch+tin+treaty|year=1936|publisher=The Branch}}</ref>

[[File:Dutch Fort Pulau Pangkor 2007 020 pano.jpg|thumb|right|The 1670 [[Dutch Fort]] on [[Pangkor Island]], built as a [[tin]] ore warehouse by the [[Dutch East India Company]]<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort">{{cite web|url=http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/kota-belanda-pulau-pangkor|title=Kota Belanda, Pulau Pangkor|publisher=[[National Archives of Malaysia]]|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211091336/http://www.arkib.gov.my/en/web/guest/kota-belanda-pulau-pangkor|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>]]

A [[Dutch Fort|fort]] was built on [[Pangkor Island]] in 1670 to act as a warehouse to store tin ore mined in Perak even though Perak nobles had destroyed an earlier store structure, on orders from the Dutch base in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]].<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> This warehouse was also destroyed in further attacks in 1690, but was repaired when the Dutch returned with reinforcements.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort"/> In 1699, when the regionally dominant [[Johor Sultanate|Sultanate of Johor]] lost its last Malaccan dynasty sultan, Sultan [[Mahmud II of Johor|Mahmud Shah II]], Perak now had the sole claim of being the final heir of the Sultanate of Malacca. However, Perak could not match the prestige and power of either the Malacca or Johor Sultanates.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Andaya |first=Barbara Watson |title=A history of Malaysia |publisher=St Martin's Press |year=1982 |pages=87}}</ref>

The early 18th century started with 40 years of civil war where rival princes were bolstered by local chiefs, the [[Bugis]] and Minang, fighting for a share of the tin revenue. The Bugis and several Perak chiefs were successful in ousting the Perak ruler, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III in 1743.<ref name=":0" /> In 1747, Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III, now only holding power in the area of Upper Perak, signed a treaty with Dutch Commissioner Ary Verbrugge under which Perak's ruler recognised the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade, agreed to sell all tin ore to Dutch traders, and allowed the Dutch to build a new warehouse fort on the Perak River estuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=Sultan Muzaffar Shah III Of Perak Signed The Treaty Of Dutch Monopoly Over Trading Of Tin In Perak|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=25 June 1747|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915033845/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/sultan-muzaffar-shah-iii-perak-menandatangani-perjanjian-monopoli-belanda-belanda-ke-atas-perdagangan-bijih-timah-di-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> With construction of the new warehouse near the Perak River (also known as Sungai Perak), the old warehouse was abandoned permanently and left in ruins.<ref name="Pangkor Island Dutch Fort" />

The mid-18th century saw Sultan Muzaffar ruling inland Perak while the coastal region was ruled by Raja Iskandar, animosity grew between the two as Raja Iskandar was unable to reach the tin-bearing highlands while the Sultan had restricted access to the strait. Reconciliation occurred later with Iskandar's marriage to the Sultan's daughter. His{{Whose|date=January 2025}} accession in 1752 saw unprecedented peace in Perak, especially due to an alliance (which lasted until 1795) with the Dutch to protect Perak against external attacks.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andaya |first=Barbara Watson |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofmalaysi0000anda |title=A History of Malaysia |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-312-38120-2 |location=New York |pages=87–88 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Image from page 833 of "Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula" (1906).jpg|thumb|Semang from [[Gerik]] or Janing, Perak, 1906]]

When repeated [[Burmese–Siamese wars|Burmese invasions]] resulted in the [[Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67)|destruction and defeat]] of the Siamese [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] in 1767 by the Burmese [[Konbaung dynasty]], neighbouring Malay tributary states began to assert their independence from Siam.<ref name="Schliesinger2017">{{cite book|author=Joachim Schliesinger|title=Traditional Slavery in Southeast Asia and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOgzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA186|date=5 September 2017|publisher=Booksmango|isbn=978-1-64153-020-0|pages=186–}}</ref> To further develop Perak's tin mines, the Dutch administration suggested that its 17th sultan, Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, should allow [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese miners]] into Perak. The sultan himself encouraged the scheme in 1776, requesting that additional Chinese workers be sent from [[Dutch Malacca]].<ref name="KhooLubis2005">{{cite book|author1=Khoo Salma Nasution|author2=Abdur-Razzaq Lubis|title=Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cgsZvl1zTXgC&pg=PA5|year=2005|publisher=Areca Books|isbn=978-983-42113-0-1|pages=5, 225, 228 and 310}}</ref> The [[Fourth Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1780 adversely affected the tin trade in Perak, and many Chinese miners left.<ref>{{cite book|author=Khoo Kay Kim|title=The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PIXAAAAIAAJ&q=Chinese+miners+left|year=1972|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=39–}}</ref> In a move which angered the Siamese court, neighbouring Kedah's Sultan [[Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah|Abdullah Mukarram Shah]] then entered into an agreement with the British [[East India Company]] (EIC), [[concession (territory)|ceding]] [[Penang Island]] to the British in 1786 in exchange for protection.<ref>{{cite book|author=Vincent Todd Harlow|title=The founding of the Second British Empire, 1763-1793|url=https://archive.org/details/foundingofsecond0002harl|url-access=registration|year=1964|publisher=Longmans}}<br />{{*}} {{cite book|author=Cheah Boon Kheng|title=New Perspectives and Research on Malaysian History: Essays on Malaysian Historiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MW6cAAAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=MBRAS|isbn=978-967-9948-40-0}}<br />{{*}} {{cite book|author1=Frédéric Durand|author2=Richard Curtis|title=Maps of Malaysia and Borneo: Discovery, Statehood and Progress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-BUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52|date=28 February 2014|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=978-967-10617-3-2|pages=52–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=ʻUdomsombat (Lūang.)|title=Rama III and the Siamese expedition to Kedah in 1839: the Dispatches of Luang Udomsombat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yktxAAAAMAAJ&q=Fearing+a+Siamese+attack+upon+Kedah%2C+the+Sultan+agreed+to+allow+the+British+to+lease+Penang+|year=1993|publisher=Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University|isbn=978-0-7326-0521-6|pages=2–}}</ref><ref name="Wheeler2019">{{cite book|author=L. Richmond Wheeler|title=The Modern Malay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqqbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=19 March 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-60316-7|pages=50–70}}</ref>

[[File:Collectie NM van Wereldculturen TM-60016182 Groepsportret met lokale bestuurders in Perak Auteur Marie-Franþois-Xavier-Joseph-Jean-Honore Brau de Saint-Pol Lias (1840 - 1914).jpg|thumb|left|[[Orang Asli]] from the [[Senoi]] group, Perak, {{circa|1880–1881}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Edward Balfour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9UBAAAAYAAJ&q=perak+interior+characteristics+forest&pg=PA377 |title=Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures |publisher=Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses |year=1873 |pages=377–}}</ref>]]

Siam regained strength under the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], led by [[Taksin]], after freeing itself from Burmese occupation. After repelling another [[Burmese–Siamese War (1785–1786)|large-scale Burmese invasion]], the [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Rattanakosin Kingdom]] ([[Chakri dynasty]]) led by [[Rama I]], as the successor of the Thonburi Kingdom, turned its attention to its insubordinate southern Malay subjects, fearing renewed attacks from Burma along the western seaboard of the Malay Peninsula.<ref name="Blagden1925" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam relations">{{cite journal|title=A Brief Moment in Time: Kedah-Siam Relations Revisited|author=Kobkua Suwwannathat-pian|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1999|volume=72|issue=2|pages=65–90|jstor=41493393}}</ref> Attention to the south was also needed because of disunity and rivalries among the various southern tributary sultanates, stemming from personal conflicts and a reluctance to submit to Siamese authority.<ref name="Kedah-Siam relations" /> One example of this resistance was the [[Sultanate of Pattani]] under Sultan Muhammad, who refused to aid Siam during the Siamese war of liberation. This led Rama I's younger brother, [[Boworn Maha Surasinghanat|Prince Surasi]], to attack Pattani in 1786. Many Malays were killed, and survivors were taken to the Siamese stronghold in [[History of Bangkok#Rattanakosin|Bangkok]] as [[slave]]s.<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Schliesinger2017" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Anuar Nik Mahmud (Nik.)|title=Sejarah perjuangan Melayu Patani, 1785-1954|trans-title=History of the Patani Malay struggle, 1785-1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMRwAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1999|language=ms|publisher=Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia|isbn=978-967-942-443-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Karl R. DeRouen|author2=Paul Bellamy|title=International Security and the United States: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpckqY51AUEC&pg=PA804|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99255-2|pages=804–}}</ref> Siam's subjugation of Pattani served as a warning to the other Malay tributary states, particularly Kedah, they too having been forced to provide thousands of men, and food supplies, throughout the Siamese resistance campaign against the Burmese.<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter">{{cite web|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf|title=Kedah-Siam Relations, 1821-1905|author=Sharom Ahmad|via=Siamese Heritage Trust|year=1971|access-date=10 September 2019|pages=97–99|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910041655/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_059_1g_SharomAhmat_KedahSiamRelations.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1795, the Dutch temporarily withdrew from Malacca for the duration of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in Europe. Malacca's authority was transferred to the British [[Resident (title)|Resident]].<ref name="US commercial relations" /><ref>{{cite book|title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76I3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA153|year=1841|publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company|pages=153–}}</ref> When war ended, the Dutch returned to administer Malacca in 1818.<ref name="CasparisGraaf1900">{{cite book|author1=J. G. de Casparis|author2=Hermanus Johannes de Graaf|author3=Joseph Kennedy|author4=William Henry Scott|title=Geschichte.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA137|year=1900|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-04859-6|pages=137–141}}</ref> In 1818, the Dutch monopoly over the tin trade in Perak was renewed, with the signing of a new recognition treaty.<ref name="Perak and Selangor treaty">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=The Treaty Between The States Of Selangor And Perak|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=11 July 1823|access-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915040018/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/en/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/perjanjian-antara-negeri-selangor-dan-negeri-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=15 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same year as when Perak refused to send a [[bunga mas]] tribute to the Siamese court, the king [[Rama II|Rama II of Siam]] had Kedah attack Perak. The Sultanate of Kedah knew the intention behind the order was to weaken ties between fellow Malay states,<ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter" /><ref name="BegbieBanerjee1834">{{cite book|author1=Peter James Begbie|author2=Diptendra M. Banerjee|title=The Malayan Peninsula: Embracing Its History, Manners and Customs of the Inhabitants, Politics, Natural History, Etc. from Its Earliest Records|url=https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog|year=1834|publisher=Vepery Mission Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malayanpeninsul00banegoog/page/n61 85]–}}</ref><ref name="Hall1981">{{cite book|author=Daniel George Edward Hall|title=History of South East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9dDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA554|date=1 May 1981|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-16521-6|pages=554–555}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> but complied, unable to resist Siam's further territorial expansion into inland Hulu Perak. Siam's tributary Malay state, the [[Kingdom of Reman]], then illegally operated tin mines in Klian Intan, angering the Sultan of Perak and provoking a dispute that escalated into civil war. Reman, aided by Siam, succeeded in controlling several inland districts.<ref name="Reman occupied districts">{{cite web|url=http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|title=The Surrender of Reman Occupied Districts To Perak|publisher=National Archives of Malaysia|date=16 July 1909|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913061651/http://hids.arkib.gov.my/peristiwa/-/asset_publisher/WAhqbCYR9ww2/content/penyerahan-daerah-daerah-takluk-reman-kepada-perak/pop_up?_101_INSTANCE_WAhqbCYR9ww2_viewMode=print|archive-date=13 September 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1821, Siam invaded and [[Siamese invasion of Kedah|conquered]] the Sultanate of Kedah, angered by a breach of trust.<ref name="Kedah-Siam relations" /><ref name="Kedah-Siam encounter" /><ref name="Kershaw2002">{{cite book|author=Roger Kershaw|title=Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zq-EAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA189|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66707-9|pages=189–}}</ref> The exiled Sultan of Kedah turned to the British to help him regain his throne, despite Britain's policy of non-engagement in expensive minor wars in the Malay Peninsula at the time, which the EIC upheld through the [[Governor-General of India]].<ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="Hall1981" /> Siam's subsequent plan to extend its conquests to the southern territory of Perak<ref name="Andaya1982" /><ref name="CasparisGraaf1900" /><ref name="Hall1981" /> failed after Perak defeated the Siamese forces with the aid of mixed [[Bugis people|Bugis]] and Malay reinforcements from the [[Selangor Sultanate|Sultanate of Selangor]].<ref name="Andaya1982" /><ref name="Stearn2019" /><ref name="BegbieBanerjee1834" /><ref name="Kershaw2002" /> As an expression of gratitude to Selangor for assisting it to defeat Siam, Perak authorised Raja Hasan of Selangor to collect [[tax]]es and [[revenue]] in its territory. This power, however, was soon misused, causing conflict between the two sultanates.<ref>{{cite book|title=Monographs on Malay Subjects|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-slAAAAMAAJ|year=1933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Ismail Mohd. Abu Hassan|author2=Hakimah Haji Yaacob|author3=Khairatul Akmar Ab. Latif|title=Introduction to Malaysian legal history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNKYAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Ilmiah Publishers|isbn=978-983-3074-23-5}}</ref>