Editing Perversion (section)

===Freud on the role of perversion===
[[Sigmund Freud|Freud]]'s didactic strategy in his ''[[Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality]]'' was to construct a bridge between the "perversions" and "normal" sexuality. Clinically exploring "a richly diversified collection of erotic endowments and inclinations: [[hermaphroditism]], [[pedophilia]], [[sodomy]], [[sexual fetishism|fetishism]], [[exhibitionism]], [[Sadomasochism|sadism]], [[Sadomasochism|masochism]], [[coprophilia]], [[necrophilia]]" among them, Freud concluded that "all humans are innately perverse".<ref>Peter Gay, ''Freud: A Life for our Time'' (London 1988) p. 145–6</ref> He found the roots of such perversions in infantile sexuality—in 'the child's "[[polymorphously perverse]]" inclinations ... the "aptitude" for such perversity is innate'.<ref>Gay, p. 148</ref> The 'crucial irony of Freud's account in the ''Three Essays'' was that perversion in childhood ''was'' the norm'.<ref>Adam Phillips, ''On Fliratation'' (London 1994) p. 101</ref>
Refining his analysis a decade later, Freud stressed that while [[childhood sexuality]] involved a wide and unfocused range of perverse activities, by contrast with adult perversion there was 'an important difference between them. Perverse sexuality is as a rule excellently centred: all its activities are directed to an aim—usually a single one; one component instinct has gained the upper hand...In that respect there is no difference between perverse and normal sexuality other than the fact that their dominating component instincts and consequently their sexual aims are different. In both of them, one might say, a well-organized tyranny has been established, but in each of the two a different family has seized the reins of power'.<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis'' (PFL 1) p. 365</ref>

A few years later, in "A Child is Being Beaten" (1919), Freud laid greater stress on the fact that perversions "go through a process of development, that they represent an end-product and not an initial manifestation ... that the sexual aberrations of childhood, as well as those of mature life, are ramifications of the same complex"<ref>Sigmund Freud, ''On Psychopathology'' (PFL 10) p. 169 and p. 193</ref>—the [[Oedipus complex]]. [[Otto Fenichel]] took up the point about the defensive function of perversions—of "experiences of sexual satisfactions which simultaneously gave a feeling of security by denying or contradicting some fear";<ref>Otto Fenichel, ''The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis'' (London 1946) p. 327</ref> adding that while "some people think that perverts are enjoying some kind of more intense sexual pleasure than normal people. This is not true ... [though] neurotics, who have repressed perverse longings, may envy the perverts who express the perverse longings openly".<ref>Fenichel, p. 328</ref>