Editing Phi Delta Theta (section)

===20th century===
[[File:Phi Delta Theta - West Point.jpg|thumb|Members of Phi Delta Theta at [[United States Military Academy]] in [[West Point, New York]] in 1917, prior to their deployment in [[World War I]]]]
[[File:Phi Delta Theta Fraternity House.jpg|thumb|Phi Delta Theta headquarters in [[Oxford, Ohio]]]]
With constant expansion into the [[Western United States]], Phi Delta Theta became an international fraternity when the organization's first chapter in [[Canada]], the ''Quebec Alpha'', was installed at [[McGill University]] in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]] on April 5, 1902.<ref name="PDT home" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.phideltmcgill.com/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803191113/https://www.phideltmcgill.com/about-us |archive-date=2020-08-03 |access-date=2019-06-29 |website=Phi Delta Theta McGill University {{!}} Quebec Alpha Fraternity |language=en}}</ref> Phi Delta Theta was being a founding member of the North American Interfraternity Conference, in 1910. By 1918, there were 78 chapters with a membership of 77,000.

At the outbreak of [[World War I]], college administrators urged its undergraduate members to stay in school. However, many were eager to enlist. The first Phis to fight in the war were members of the chapters at the [[University of Toronto]] and McGill University, the fraternity's only Canadian chapters during that period. By the time the United States entered the war in 1917, over 5000 Phis served in the conflict with 155 of them losing their lives. Because many of the undergraduate Phis put their studies on hold, many chapter houses either had limited occupants or none at all. To prevent losing houses pending the return of Phis from the war, many housing corporations consented to have the houses used as [[barracks]] or for [[YMCA]] programs.<ref name="havighurst25–26">{{harvp|Havighurst|1975|pp=25–26}}</ref>

During the 1920s and 1930s, expansion was carefully controlled. Focus was placed on re-activating chapters whose charters were revoked years earlier.

[[World War II]] exacted a heavy toll on the membership and operations of the fraternity. Many undergraduate members joined the military, and 13 chapters were closed. As active membership declined, most of the Phi Delt houses were used as women's residence halls or became makeshift military quarters. A newsletter, ''The Fighting Phi News'', was sent to members whose contact information was known to the fraternity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Good |first=Steve |date=December 8, 2023 |orig-date=March 18, 2021 |title=Phi Delta Theta During A Crisis: World War II |url=https://phideltatheta.org/news-stories/phi-delta-theta-during-a-crisis-world-war-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327003808/https://phideltatheta.org/news-stories/phi-delta-theta-during-a-crisis-world-war-ii/ |archive-date=March 27, 2024 |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=Phi Delta Theta |language=en-US }}</ref> 

Fifty Phi generals and admirals served in the United States and Canada during the conflict, the most for any fraternity.<ref name="crew">"The Crew that Sails the Phi" ''The Scroll of Phi Delta Theta,'' 1946.</ref> Prominent among them were General [[Edward P. King]], leader of the U.S. and Filipino forces in [[Bataan]], Philippines; Admiral [[Robert L. Ghormley]], commander of the [[Guadalcanal campaign]]; and Admiral [[John S. McCain Sr.]], commander of carrier task forces in the Pacific.<ref name=":0" /> Members of Phi Delta Theta also received every major military decoration in both the United States and British Commonwealth forces, including the [[Medal of Honor]] (MOH) awarded to [[Leon Vance]] of the [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] and the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC) to [[Robert Hampton Gray]], a Canadian naval aviator.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=Winter 2015 |title=Phi Aviators |url=https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-Winter_Vol-137_No-1.pdf#page=61 |journal=The Scroll |publisher=Phi Delta Theta |volume=CXXXVII |issue=1 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327153026/http://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2015-Winter_Vol-137_No-1.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-27}}</ref> Vance's MOH was the last to be awarded before the [[D-Day]] landings, and Gray was both the last military personnel to receive the VC in the war and the last Canadian to lose his life during the war.{{Quote box|width=40%|align=right|quote=But the line will not be broken, because the fraternity's life is continuous, with a mystic cord binding one generation to another.|source=Hilton U. Brown, <small>past president of the fraternity speaking on the participation of Phis in [[World War II]]</small><ref>{{harvp|Havighurst|1975|p=150}}</ref>|}}
Members of the fraternity also played a crucial role on the home front. Among those were [[Elmer Davis]], the head of the [[Office of War Information]]; [[Byron Price]], the head of the [[Office of Censorship]]; and Ted Gamble, the National Director of the War Finance Division.

When World War II ended, the fraternity experienced a surge in membership as many veterans attended college under the [[GI Bill]]. On December 15, 1945, the groundbreaking of the present-day General Headquarters building took place. One of the features of the headquarters was a permanent war memorial honoring all Phis who lost their lives during WWII and previous wars.

After the end of World War II, the fraternity was confronted with the social changes sweeping college campuses in the United States. Like many fraternities, Phi Delta Theta had a restrictive clause barring membership to [[African-Americans]], [[Asians]], [[Jews]], and [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Beam |first=Paul C. |title=The Manual of Phi Delta Theta |publisher=George Banta Company |year=1942 |edition=7th}} p. 41</ref> Specifically the term "white persons of full Aryan blood" was the subject of strong opposition among many members in light of [[Nazi ideology]] in the recently fought war, although there had been dissenting voices regarding this long before the clause became controversial among its members.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Banta |first=George, Jr. |date=May 1949 |title=Some Questions About the Future |url=https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1948-49_vol73_no1-5.pdf |department=Part 2, "The Palladium Number" |journal=The Scroll |publisher=Phi Delta Theta |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=2–3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327235557/https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1948-49_vol73_no1-5.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-27}}</ref> This clause was added to the Code of Phi Delta Theta in 1910. However, by the 1946 convention, there was an open discussion regarding this topic. Impassioned sentiment from many alumni as well as undergraduates coupled with the changing demographic of the college scene caused Phi Delta Theta to re-examine its membership. Years of debate followed; however, by 1954, Phi Delta Theta eliminated the clause and became one of the first fraternities to eliminate any restriction based on race, color, or creed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Biggers |first=Hayward S. |date=November 1954 |title=The 50th . . . A Truly Great Convention |url=https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1954-55_vol79_no1-5.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Scroll |location=Menasha, Wisconsin |publisher=Phi Delta Theta Fraternity |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=77–78 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327160414/https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1954-55_vol79_no1-5.pdf |archive-date=2024-03-27}}<!-- The original citation is "The Scroll, Vol. 79. No. 3", but I found relevant content in no. 2 and not no. 3. --></ref> Only a year earlier, Phi Delta Theta had suspended its chapters at [[Amherst College|Amherst]] and [[Williams College]] for pledging minorities.{{sfnp|Havighurst|1975|p=1949}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schwartz |first=Eugene G. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhDo0-A71SYC&dq=%22white+persons+of+full+Aryan+blood%22+%22phi+delta+theta%22&pg=PA748 |title=American Students Organize: Founding the National Student Association After World War II: an Anthology and Sourcebook |date=2006 |publisher=American Students Organize |isbn=978-0-275-99100-5 |page=748 |language=en |chapter=Student Voice Influencing NSA: The Fraternities and Sororities: Racist propaganda reaches fraternities and sororities}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ross |first=Lawrence |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dD8hCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22white+persons+of+full+Aryan+blood%22+%22phi+delta+theta%22&pg=PA41 |title=Blackballed: The Black and White Politics of Race on America's Campuses |date=2016-02-02 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group / Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-07911-4 |page=41 |language=en |chapter=Jim Crow Greek Row}}</ref>

The 1950s saw a period of rapid growth and an expansion of the internal operations of the fraternity. Twelve new schools were granted chapter status. An important change in leadership also occurred during this time. In 1955, Paul Beam, the executive vice president of the fraternity (the head of the fraternity's daily operations) unexpectedly died. He had succeeded the position of Arthur R. Priest who had served 1923–1937. Beam guided the fraternity through eight conventions and the trials of World War II. Bob Miller, who was Beam's assistant, was eventually chosen to take over by the General Council and assumed the office almost immediately. He would go on to serve for 36 years, which is currently the longest term served in that office.

Two important programs were developed during this period that would profoundly affect the fraternity's services. Before Beam died, he and several province presidents proposed a leadership convention for undergraduate members. These conventions would cover topics ranging from chapter organization to effective leadership. The first such convention was set up in 1956. At the time, it only involved 16 chapters. From 1956 until 1987, these sessions were held on a regional basis. The gatherings would form the basis of the Leadership College founded in 1987. 1958 was an important year for the fraternity because an educational foundation was created, the main purpose of which was to provide scholarships to deserving students.

During the turbulent 1960s, Phi Delta Theta along with other social fraternities dealt with a strong anti-fraternity sentiment from people who saw the Greek-lettered communities as old-world-established institutions.<ref>{{harvp|Collett|1998|p=152}}</ref> This sentiment was not without reason. Although Phi Delta Theta attempted to revise its restrictive membership codes in the wake of World War II, as late as 1961 the national office made headlines by rejecting the pledge of a Jewish student at [[Lake Forest College]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 1961 |orig-date=Feb. 8 |title=Fraternity Drops Jew: National Council Orders the Action by Local Chapter |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/115323044 |journal=New York Times |location=Lake Forest, Ill. |page=L++ / 21 |via=ProQuest Historical Newspapers |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115323044}} |agency=UPI}}</ref> Later that same year the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison|University of Wisconsin]] banned Phi Delta Theta from campus for barring Jews, African-Americans, and other minorities from membership.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 1961 |orig-date=Nov. 7 |title=U. of Wisconsin Bans Fraternity |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/141366146 |newspaper=The Washington Post, Times Herald |location= |page=A1 |publication-place= |via=ProQuest Historical Newspapers |volume=[year] 84 |issue=338 |id={{ProQuest|141366146}} |agency=AP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 19, 1961 |title=Wisconsin U. Bans National Fraternity |url=https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/new-mexico/albuquerque/albuquerque-journal/1961/11-19/page-21 |work=Albuquerque Journal |location=Madison, Wis. |page=C-1 [page 21 on NewspaperArchive] |edition=Sunday Morning |publication-place=Albuquerque, New Mexico |via=NewspaperArchive |volume=330 [81st year] |issue=50 |agency=UPI}}</ref>

Despite an overall decline in fraternity membership during the late 1960s, Phi Delta Theta continued to expand through a carefully controlled process known as "colonization." In 1968, a historic initiation took place when [[Robert Wise]], [[Academy Award]] winning director of ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' and ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]'', was initiated in the [[Franklin College (Indiana)|Franklin College]] chapter. Wise had completed all membership requirements in 1932 but was forced to withdraw from college due to a lack of funds. [[Roger D. Branigin]], the [[Governor of Indiana]] at the time and Phi Delt member, presided over the ceremonies. 1969 was an eventful year for the fraternity as [[Neil Armstrong]], a graduate from the [[Purdue University]] chapter, became the first man to walk on the Moon. During the Moon landing, Armstrong carried with him a fraternity badge, which he subsequently donated to the General Headquarters of the fraternity.<ref name="havighurst110">{{harvp|Havighurst|1975|pp=110–112}}</ref> He also donated a small silk flag of the fraternity, which he carried with him on his [[Project Gemini|Gemini]] flight in 1966.<ref name="havighurst110" />

As [[Vietnam War|war raged in Vietnam]], Phis again served in the armed forces. With the emergence of new technology, a significant percentage opted to become fighter pilots. The [[Vietnam War]] saw a small dip in the Fraternity's membership; however, by 1972, the fraternity had 140 active chapters with over 128,000 initiates. An important change was made during the 1970s that gave more autonomy to chapters in terms of membership selection. An amendment was passed wherein the unanimous vote rule to allow a college man to become a pledge was changed to allow individual chapters to decide on their own which method best suited their respective chapters.<ref>{{harvp|Collett|1998|p=153}}</ref> In 1973, the fraternity celebrated its 125th anniversary. The special occasion was marked by the construction of the university gates at Miami University. To date, nine buildings on the campus were either constructed by Phi Delta Theta or named after members.<ref name="miller28"/>

The 1980s saw the fraternity deal with issues such as hazing, rising insurance costs, and maintenance of individual chapter operations. The unofficial theme of the 1980 convention was "Eliminate Hazing." The decade was marked by an increase in lawsuits dealing with hazing and alcohol abuse among many fraternities.<ref>{{harvp|Collett|1998|p=161}}</ref> To deal with this issue, Phi Delta Theta instituted a comprehensive insurance policy to protect its chapters. During the 1980s, an important aspect of the fraternity was created: Leadership consultants. The consultants, who are recent college graduates, travel to assigned provinces and assist various chapters in many aspects of fraternity life and chapter operations. They also report the status of each visited chapter to the general headquarters.

An important leadership change occurred at the beginning of the 1990s when Robert Biggs became the fourth executive vice president of the fraternity after Robert Miller stepped down. During the decade, Phi Delta Theta and many other fraternities experienced a decline in membership.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reisberg |first=Leo |date=January 7, 2000 |title=Fraternities in Decline: Sagging membership, hazing incidents, alcohol abuse, and changing student values challenge the Greek system |url=https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/hschein/www/readings/FratsInDecline.htm |url-status=dead |department=Students |journal=The Chronicle of Higher Education |page=A59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613050329/https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/hschein/www/readings/FratsInDecline.htm |archive-date=2011-06-13 |access-date=2007-12-17 |via=Howard Schein, Department of Education Policy, Organization and Leadership, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> The most important policy to be implemented by the fraternity during the decade was the decision made in 1997 to have all chapter facilities alcohol free by 2000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fung |first=Carina |date=March 21, 1997 |title=Phi Delta Theta and Sigma Nu Will Be Alcohol-Free by 2000 / Fraternities / Studies Show Alcohol Adversely Affects Fraternities |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/thetech-production/issues/pdfs/000/000/532/original/tech_pdf.pdf?1460740074 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028181253/http://tech.mit.edu/V117/N14/frats.14n.html |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date=December 17, 2007 |work=The Tech |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=1, 13 |volume=117 |issue=14}}</ref> It was an initiative that was strongly pursued by the 1996–1998 General Council. The policy was in response to the growing insurance claims against the fraternity, 53% of which were alcohol-related, and a return to the core values of the organization.<ref name=collett_alcohol>{{harvp|Collett|1998|p=14}}</ref>