Editing Photogrammetry (section)

== Applications ==
[[File:Video of a 3d model of Horatio Nelson bust in Monmouth Museum, Wales, produced using photogrammetry.ogv|thumb|right|Video of a 3D model of [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]] bust in [[Monmouth Museum]], produced using photogrammetry]]
[[File:Gibraltar 1 3d model, created using photogrammetry.ogg|thumb|right|[[Gibraltar 1]] [[Neanderthal]] skull 3D wireframe model, created with 123d Catch]]
Photogrammetry is used in fields such as [[topographic map]]ping, [[architecture]], [[filmmaking]], [[engineering]], [[manufacturing]], [[quality control]], [[police]] investigation, [[cultural heritage]], and [[geology]]. [[aerial archaeology|Archaeologists]] use it to quickly produce plans of large or complex sites, and [[meteorologist]]s use it to determine the wind speed of [[tornado]]es when objective weather data cannot be obtained.

[[File:Future-cities-best-76.jpg|thumb|Photograph of person using controller to explore a 3D photogrammetry experience, Future Cities by DERIVE, recreating Tokyo]]

It is also used to combine [[live action]] with [[computer-generated imagery]] in movies [[post-production]]; ''[[The Matrix]]'' is a good example of the use of photogrammetry in film (details are given in the DVD extras). Photogrammetry was used extensively to create photorealistic environmental assets for video games including ''[[The Vanishing of Ethan Carter]]'' as well as [[EA DICE]]'s ''[[Star Wars Battlefront (2015 video game)|Star Wars Battlefront]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starwars.ea.com/starwars/battlefront/news/how-we-used-photogrammetry|title=How we used Photogrammetry to Capture Every Last Detail for Star Wars Battlefront™|date=19 May 2015}}</ref> The main character of the game ''[[Hellblade: Senua's Sacrifice]]'' was derived from photogrammetric motion-capture models taken of actress Melina Juergens.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/08/ninja-theory-hellblade-motion-capture-demo-video/|title=The real-time motion capture behind 'Hellblade'|website=engadget.com|date=8 August 2017 }}</ref>

Photogrammetry is also commonly employed in collision engineering, especially with automobiles. When litigation for a collision occurs and engineers need to determine the exact deformation present in the vehicle, it is common for several years to have passed and the only evidence that remains is crash scene photographs taken by the police. Photogrammetry is used to determine how much the car in question was deformed, which relates to the amount of energy required to produce that deformation. The energy can then be used to determine important information about the crash (such as the velocity at time of impact).

===Mapping===
{{Over-quotation|date=June 2019|many=y}}
Photomapping is the process of making a map with "cartographic enhancements"<ref name=Petrie1977_50>Petrie (1977: 50)</ref> that have been drawn from a [[Orthophotomosaic|photomosaic]]<ref name=Petrie1977_49>Petrie (1977: 49)</ref> that is "a composite photographic image of the ground," or more precisely, as a controlled photomosaic where "individual photographs are rectified for tilt and brought to a common scale (at least at certain control points)."

Rectification of imagery is generally achieved by "fitting the projected images of each photograph to a set of four control points whose positions have been derived from an existing map or from ground measurements. When these rectified, scaled photographs are positioned on a grid of control points, a good correspondence can be achieved between them through skillful trimming and fitting and the use of the areas around the principal point where the relief displacements (which cannot be removed) are at a minimum."<ref name=Petrie1977_50>Petrie (1977: 50)</ref>

"It is quite reasonable to conclude that some form of photomap will become the standard general map of the future."<ref name=Robinson_et_al1977_10>Robinson et al. (1977:10)</ref> They go on to suggest{{who|date=June 2019}} that, "photomapping would appear to be the only way to take reasonable advantage" of future data sources like high altitude aircraft and satellite imagery.

===Archaeology===
[[File:Jiska-Photomapping-Drawing.jpg|thumb|Using a pentop computer to photomap an archaeological excavation in the field]]
Demonstrating the link between [[orthophotomap]]ping and [[archaeology]],<ref name=Estes_et_al1977_10>Estes et al. (1977)</ref> historic [[aerial photography|airphotos]] photos were used to aid in developing a reconstruction of the Ventura mission that guided excavations of the structure's walls.

[[File:Pteryx UAV - wiki.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pteryx UAV]], a civilian UAV for aerial photography and photomapping with roll-stabilised camera head]]

Overhead photography has been widely applied for mapping surface remains and excavation exposures at archaeological sites. Suggested platforms for capturing these photographs has included: War Balloons from World War I;<ref name=Capper_1907>Capper (1907)</ref> rubber meteorological balloons;<ref name=Guy_1932>Guy (1932)</ref> [[kite aerial photography|kites]];<ref name=Guy_1932>Guy (1932)</ref><ref name=Bascom_1941>Bascom (1941)</ref> wooden platforms, metal frameworks, constructed over an excavation exposure;<ref name=Guy_1932>Guy (1932)</ref> ladders both alone and held together with poles or planks; three legged ladders; single and multi-section poles;<ref name=Schwartz_1964>Schwartz (1964)</ref><ref name=Wiltshire_1967>Wiltshire (1967)</ref> bipods;<ref name=Kriegler_1928>Kriegler (1928)</ref><ref name=Hampl_1957>Hampl (1957)</ref><ref name=Whittlesey_1966>Whittlesey (1966)</ref><ref name=Fant_Loy_1972>Fant and Loy (1972)</ref> tripods;<ref name=Straffin_1971>Straffin (1971)</ref> tetrapods,<ref name=Simpson_Cooke1967>Simpson and Cooke (1967)</ref><ref name=Hume_1969>Hume (1969)</ref> and aerial bucket trucks ("cherry pickers").<ref name="Sterud and Pratt 1975">{{Cite journal |last1=Sterud |first1=Eugene L. |last2=Pratt |first2=Peter P. |date=1975 |title=Archaeological Intra-Site Recording with Photography |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/529625 |journal=Journal of Field Archaeology |volume=2 |issue=1/2 |pages=151 |doi=10.2307/529625 |jstor=529625 |issn=0093-4690|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Handheld, near-nadir, overhead digital photographs have been used with geographic information systems ([[Geographic information system|GIS]]) to record excavation exposures.<ref name=craig2000>Craig (2000)</ref><ref name=craig2002>Craig (2002)</ref><ref name=craig_aldenderfer2003>Craig and Aldenderfer (2003)</ref><ref name=Craig2005>Craig (2005)</ref><ref name=craig_etal2006>Craig et al. (2006)</ref>

Photogrammetry is increasingly being used in [[maritime archaeology]] because of the relative ease of mapping sites compared to traditional methods, allowing the creation of 3D maps which can be rendered in [[virtual reality]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maritimearchaeology.com/information/technology/photogrammetry/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119053810/http://www.maritimearchaeology.com/information/technology/photogrammetry/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-01-19|title=Photogrammetry {{!}} Maritime Archaeology|date=2019-01-19|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

=== 3D modeling ===
A somewhat similar application is the scanning of objects to automatically make 3D models of them. Since photogrammetry relies on images, there are physical limitations when those images are of an object that has dark, shiny or clear surfaces. In those cases, the produced model often still contains gaps, so additional cleanup with software like [[MeshLab]], netfabb or MeshMixer is often still necessary.<ref>MAKE:3D printing by Anna Kaziunas France</ref> Alternatively, spray painting such objects with matte finish can remove any transparent or shiny qualities.

[[Google Earth]] uses photogrammetry to create 3D imagery.<ref>Gopal Shah, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suo_aUTUpps Google Earth's Incredible 3D Imagery, Explained], 2017-04-18</ref>

There is also a project called [[Rekrei]] that uses photogrammetry to make 3D models of lost/stolen/broken artifacts that are then posted online.

=== Rock mechanics ===
High-resolution 3D point clouds derived from UAV or ground-based photogrammetry can be used to automatically or semi-automatically extract rock mass properties such as discontinuity orientations, persistence, and spacing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tomás |first1=R. |last2=Riquelme |first2=A. |last3=Cano |first3=M. |last4=Pastor |first4=J. L. |last5=Pagán |first5=J. I. |last6=Asensio |first6=J. L. |last7=Ruffo |first7=M. |date=2020-06-23 |title=Evaluación de la estabilidad de taludes rocosos a partir de nubes de puntos 3D obtenidas con un vehículo aéreo no tripulado |url=https://polipapers.upv.es/index.php/raet/article/view/13168 |journal=Revista de Teledetección |issue=55 |pages=1 |doi=10.4995/raet.2020.13168 |issn=1988-8740|hdl=10045/107612 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Riquelme |first1=Adrián |last2=Tomás |first2=Roberto |last3=Cano |first3=Miguel |last4=Pastor |first4=José Luis |last5=Abellán |first5=Antonio |date=2018-10-01 |title=Automatic Mapping of Discontinuity Persistence on Rock Masses Using 3D Point Clouds |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1519-9 |journal=Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering |language=en |volume=51 |issue=10 |pages=3005–3028 |doi=10.1007/s00603-018-1519-9 |bibcode=2018RMRE...51.3005R |issn=1434-453X|hdl=10045/75855 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>