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Physical restraint
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===Medical restraints=== {{Main|Medical restraint}} A survey in the US in 1998 reported an estimated 150 restraint related deaths in care environments (Weiss, 1998). Low frequency fatalities occur with some degree of regularity.<ref name="Nunno, M. 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Nunno |first1=Michael A. |last2=Holden |first2=Martha J. |last3=Tollar |first3=Amanda |title=Learning from tragedy: A survey of child and adolescent restraint fatalities |journal=Child Abuse & Neglect |date=December 2006 |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1333–1342 |doi=10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.015|pmid=17109958 }}</ref> An investigation of 45 restraint related deaths in US childcare settings showed 28 of these deaths were reported to have occurred in the prone position.<ref name="Nunno, M. 2006"/> In the UK restraint related deaths would appear to be reported less often. The evidence for effective staff training in the use of medical restraints is at best crude,<ref>Allen, D. (2000b). Training carers in physical interventions: Research towards evidence based practice. [[Kidderminster]]: British Institute of learning Disabilities.</ref> with evaluation of training programmes being the exception rather than the rule.<ref>Beech, B & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the healthcare sector: A review of staff training and integration of training models. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 27-43.</ref> Vast numbers of care staff are trained in 'physical interventions' including physical restraint, although they rarely employ them in practice. It is accepted that staff training in physical interventions can increase carer confidence.<ref>Cullen, C. (1992). Staff training and management for intellectual disability services. ''[[International Review of Research in Mental Retardation]]''. 18, 225-245.</ref> ====Japan==== Japanese law states that psychiatric hospitals may use restraints on patients only if there is a danger that the patients will harm themselves. The law also states that a designated psychiatrist must approve the use of restraints and examine the patient at least every 12 hours to determine whether the situation has changed and the patient should be removed from restraints.<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of patients physically restrained at psychiatric hospitals soars |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/09/national/science-health/tying-mental-health-patients-soaring/ |website=The Japan Times Online |date=9 May 2016 |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-date=11 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311052054/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/09/national/science-health/tying-mental-health-patients-soaring/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, in practice, Japanese psychiatric hospitals use restraints fairly often and for long periods. Despite being required to certify every 12 hours whether a patient still needs restraints, Japanese psychiatric hospitals keep patients in restraints for a much longer time than hospitals in other countries. According to a survey conducted on 689 patients in 11 psychiatric hospitals in Japan, the average time spent in physical restraints is 96 days.<ref>長谷川利夫. (2016). 精神科医療における隔離・ 身体拘束実態調査 ~その急増の背景要因を探り縮減への道筋を考える~. 病院・地域精神医学, 59(1), 18–21.</ref> Meanwhile, the average time in most other developed countries is at most several hours to tens of hours. The number of people who are physically restrained in Japanese psychiatric hospitals continues to increase. In 2014 more than 10,000 people were restrained-the highest ever recorded, and more than double the number a decade earlier.<ref>{{cite web |title=身体拘束と隔離がまた増えた |date=February 2017 |url=https://yomidr.yomiuri.co.jp/article/20170201-OYTET50013/ |publisher=Yomiuri Online |language=ja}}</ref> It is thought that some of that increase includes older patients with dementia. As a result, the Japanese [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] has revised its guidelines for elderly people in nursing homes to have more restrictions against body restraints. The changes will take effect on 1 April 2018.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Reuters Japan |date=4 December 2017 |title=介護施設、拘束の要件厳格化 |trans-title= Tough changes in requirements for physical restraints in nursing homes |language=ja}}</ref> Deaths have been reported from their use, including that of [[Kelly Savage]], an Assisted Language Teacher from New Zealand, in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Otake |first1=Tomoko |title=Family blames prolonged use of restraints at Kanagawa hospital for English teacher's death |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/07/18/national/family-blames-prolonged-use-restraints-kanagawa-hospital-english-teachers-death/ |website=The Japan Times Online |date=18 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.norestraint.org|title= 日本の 精神科医療を 考える シンポジウム|website=norestraint.org|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kiwi mum's fight to end restraints in Japan's psychiatric hospitals |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2018644783/kiwi-mum-s-fight-to-end-restraints-in-japan-s-psychiatric-hospitals |website=Radio New Zealand |language=en-nz |date=14 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S13229858.html|title=施設「頭打ちそうで拘束」 入所の障害者男性死亡 青梅|website=Asahi Shimbun|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226234632/https://www.asahi.com/articles/DA3S13229858.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ====United Kingdom==== The Millfields Charter is an [[electronic component|electronic]] [[charter]] which promotes an end to the teaching to frontline healthcare staff of all prone (face down) restraint holds.<ref>{{cite web |title=Millfields Charter - against abusive practice |url=http://millfieldscharter.com/charter.php |website=millsfieldcharter.com}}</ref> Despite a UK government statement in 2013 that it was minded to impose a ban on such techniques in mental health facilities,<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22955917 |title='Excessive' use of face-down restraint in mental health hospitals |work=BBC |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2013}}</ref> by 2017 the use of restraints in UK psychiatric facilities had increased.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=George |title=Rise in mental health patient restraints |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-41914555 |website=BBC News |date=16 November 2017}}</ref> Face down restraints are used more often on women and girls than on men. 51 out of 58 mental health trusts use restraints unnecessarily when other techniques would work. Organisations opposed to restraints include [[Mind (charity)|Mind]] and [[Rethink Mental Illness]]. YoungMinds and Agenda claim restraints are "frightening and humiliating" and "re-traumatises" patients especially women and girls who have previously been victims of physical and/or sexual abuse. The charities sent an open letter to health secretary, [[Jeremy Hunt]] showing evidence from 'Agenda, the alliance for women and girls at risk', revealing that patients are routinely restrained in some mental health units while others use non-physical ways to calm patients or stop self-harm. According to the letter over half of women with psychiatric problems have suffered abuse, restraint can cause physical harm, can frighten and humiliate the victim. Restraint, specially face down restraint can re-traumatise patients who previously suffered violence and abuse. "Mental health units are meant to be caring, therapeutic environments, for people feeling at their most vulnerable, not places where physical force is routine". Government guidelines state that face down restraint should not be used at all and other types of physical restraint are only for last resort. Research by Agenda found one fifth of women and girl patients in mental health units had suffered physical restraint. Some trusts averaged over twelve face down restraints per female patient. Over 6% of women, close to 2,000 were restrained face-down in total more than 4,000 times. The figures vary widely between regions. Some trusts hardly use restraints, others use them routinely. A woman patient was in several hospitals and units at times for a decade with mental health issues, she said in some units she suffered restraints two or three times daily. Katharine Sacks-Jones director of Agenda, maintains trusts use restraint when alternatives would work. Sacks-Jones maintains women her group speak to repeatedly describe face down restraint as a traumatic experience. On occasions male nurses have used it when a woman did not want her medication. "If you are a woman who has been sexually or physically abused, and mental health problems in women often have close links to violence and abuse, then a safer environment has to be just that: safe and not a re-traumatising experience. (...) Face-down restraint hurts, it is dangerous, and there are some big questions around why it is used more on women than men".<ref>{{cite news |last1=McVeigh |first1=Tracy |title=End humiliating restraint of mentally ill people, say charities |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/05/stop-face-down-restraint-mentally-ill-charities |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 March 2017}}</ref>
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