Editing Place cell (section)

===Place fields===
Place cells fire in a specific region of an environment, known as a place field. Place fields are roughly analogous to the [[receptive field]]s of sensory neurons, in that the firing region corresponds to a region of sensory information in the environment. However, unlike receptive fields, place cells show no topography, meaning that two neighboring cells do not necessarily have neighboring place fields.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=O'Keefe|first1=J|last2=Burgess|first2=N|last3=Donnett|first3=J. G.|last4=Jeffery|first4=K. J.|last5=Maguire|first5=E. A.|year=1998|title=Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=353|issue=1373|pages=1333–40|doi=10.1098/rstb.1998.0287|pmc=1692339|pmid=9770226}}</ref> Place cells fire spikes in [[Bursting|bursts]] at a high frequency inside the place field, but outside of the place field they remain relatively inactive.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bures J, Fenton AA, Kaminsky Y, Zinyuk L|date=7 January 1997|title=Place cells and place navigation|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=94|issue=1|pages=343–350|doi=10.1073/pnas.94.1.343|pmc=19339|pmid=8990211|bibcode=1997PNAS...94..343B|doi-access=free}}</ref> Place fields are [[Allocentric navigation|allocentric]], meaning that they are defined with respect to the outside world rather than the body. By orienting based on the environment rather than the individual, place fields can work effectively as neural maps of the environment.<ref name="Jeffery 2003 201–218">{{cite journal|last=Jeffery|first=Kathryn|author2=Michael Anderson|author3=Robin Hayman|author4=Subhojit Chakraborty|date=2004|title=A proposed architecture for the neural representation of spatial context|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|volume=28|issue=2|pages=201–218|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.002|pmid=15172764|s2cid=36456584}}</ref> A typical place cell will have only one or a few place fields in a small laboratory environment. However, in larger environments, place cells have been shown to contain multiple place fields which are usually irregular.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geva-Sagiv|first1=Maya|last2=Las|first2=Liora|last3=Yovel|first3=Yossi|last4=Ulanovsky|first4=Nachum|date=2015|title=Spatial cognition in bats and rats: from sensory acquisition to multiscale maps and navigation|journal=Nature Reviews Neuroscience|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=94–108|doi=10.1038/nrn3888|issn=1471-0048|pmid=25601780|s2cid=18397443}}</ref> Place cells may also show directionality, meaning they will only fire in a certain location when travelling in a particular direction.<ref name="O'Keefe-1976" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=O'Keefe|first=John|date=1979-01-01|title=A review of the hippocampal place cells|journal=Progress in Neurobiology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=419–439|doi=10.1016/0301-0082(79)90005-4|pmid=396576|s2cid=8022838|issn=0301-0082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=McNaughton|first1=B. L.|last2=Barnes|first2=C. A.|last3=O'Keefe|first3=J.|date=1983-09-01|title=The contributions of position, direction, and velocity to single unit activity in the hippocampus of freely-moving rats|journal=Experimental Brain Research|language=en|volume=52|issue=1|pages=41–49|doi=10.1007/BF00237147|pmid=6628596|s2cid=6193356|issn=1432-1106}}</ref>
[[File:Place cel remapping.png|left|thumb|An example of place cell remapping, with the location of the place field of cell 1 changing between environment, and cell 2 losing its place field in environment 2.]]