Editing Plastid (section)

==In algae and protists==
Plastid types in [[algae]] and [[protist]]s include:

* [[Chloroplast]]s: found in [[green algae]] (plants) and other organisms that derived their genomes from green algae.
* [[Glaucophyte#muroplast|Muroplasts]]: also known as cyanoplasts or cyanelles, the plastids of [[glaucophyte]] algae are similar to plant chloroplasts, excepting they have a [[peptidoglycan]] [[cell wall]] that is similar to that of [[bacteria]].
* [[Red algae#Chloroplasts|Rhodoplasts]]: the red plastids found in [[red algae]], which allows them to photosynthesize down to marine depths of 268 m.<ref name=wise/> The chloroplasts of plants differ from rhodoplasts in their ability to synthesize starch, which is stored in the form of granules within the plastids. In red algae, [[floridean starch]] is synthesized and stored outside the plastids in the cytosol.<ref name=Viola>{{cite journal | vauthors = Viola R, Nyvall P, Pedersén M | title = The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae | journal = Proceedings. Biological Sciences | volume = 268 | issue = 1474 | pages = 1417–22 | date = July 2001 | pmid = 11429143 | pmc = 1088757 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1644 }}</ref>
* [[Chloroplast#Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis|Secondary and tertiary plastids]]: from endosymbiosis of [[green algae]] and [[red algae]].
* [[Leucoplast]]: in [[algae]], the term is used for all unpigmented plastids. Their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.
* [[Apicoplast]]: the non-photosynthetic plastids of [[Apicomplexa]] derived from secondary endosymbiosis.

The plastid of photosynthetic ''[[Paulinella]]'' species is often referred to as the 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and is used in photosynthesis.<ref name="Nature 2019">{{cite journal | title=Evolutionary dynamics of the chromatophore genome in three photosynthetic Paulinella species - Scientific Reports | journal=Scientific Reports | date=2019-02-22 | volume=9 | issue=1 | page=2560 | doi=10.1038/s41598-019-38621-8 | last1=Lhee | first1=Duckhyun | last2=Ha | first2=Ji-San | last3=Kim | first3=Sunju | last4=Park | first4=Myung Gil | last5=Bhattacharya | first5=Debashish | last6=Yoon | first6=Hwan Su | pmid=30796245 | pmc=6384880 | bibcode=2019NatSR...9.2560L }}</ref><ref name="Gabr Grossman Bhattacharya pp. 837–843">{{cite journal | last1=Gabr | first1=Arwa | last2=Grossman | first2=Arthur R. | last3=Bhattacharya | first3=Debashish | editor-last=Palenik | editor-first=B. | title=Paulinella , a model for understanding plastid primary endosymbiosis | journal=Journal of Phycology | publisher=Wiley | volume=56 | issue=4 | date=2020-05-05 | issn=0022-3646 | doi=10.1111/jpy.13003 | pages=837–843| pmid=32289879 | pmc=7734844 | bibcode=2020JPcgy..56..837G }}</ref> It had a much more recent endosymbiotic event, in the range of 140–90 million years ago, which is the only other known primary endosymbiosis event of cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Baracaldo|first1=Patricia|last2=Raven|first2=John A.|last3=Pisani|first3=Davide|last4=Knoll|first4=Andrew H.|date=2017-09-12|title=Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=114|issue=37|pages=E7737–E7745|doi=10.1073/pnas.1620089114|issn=0027-8424|pmc=5603991|pmid=28808007|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E7737S |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite Q|Q36374426|pmc=4866557|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Etioplast]]s, [[amyloplast]]s and [[chromoplast]]s are plant-specific and do not occur in algae.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Plastids in algae and [[hornwort]]s may also differ from plant plastids in that they contain [[pyrenoid]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors=((Robison, T. A.)), ((Oh, Z. G.)), ((Lafferty, D.)), ((Xu, X.)), ((Villarreal, J. C. A.)), ((Gunn, L. H.)), ((Li, F.-W.)) | journal=Nature Plants | title=Hornworts reveal a spatial model for pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in land plants | pages=63–73 | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | date=3 January 2025 | volume=11 | issue=1 | issn=2055-0278 | doi=10.1038/s41477-024-01871-0| pmid=39753956 }}
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