Editing Polynya (section)

=== Polynya blooms ===
The presence of open water in an otherwise ice-covered area can result in a localized [[Algal bloom|marine algal bloom]], also referred to as a polynya bloom.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Earth Science Data Systems |first=NASA |title=Earthdata |url=http://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/articles/phytoplankton-and-polynyas |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=Earthdata |date=15 March 1995 |language=en}}</ref> While algal communities are often found under [[sea ice]], as evidenced by [[ice algae]], the rate of phytoplankton growth is substantially higher in the open water of a polynya.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tremblay |first1=J.-E. |title=Chapter 8 Primary Production and Nutrient Dynamics in Polynyas |date=2007-01-01 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0422989406740089 |journal=Elsevier Oceanography Series |volume=74 |pages=239–269 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=W. O. |series=Polynyas: Windows to the World |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |access-date=2022-10-06 |last2=Smith |first2=W. O. |doi=10.1016/S0422-9894(06)74008-9 |isbn=9780444529527 |editor2-last=Barber |editor2-first=D. G.}}</ref> The primary drivers of polynya blooms are sunlight and nutrients. Specifically, the lack of sea ice allows light, a necessary component for [[photosynthesis]], to penetrate deeper into the water and enable elevated phytoplankton growth compared to the surrounding ice-covered waters.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, polynya formation is typically associated with [[upwelling]], a process that transports nutrient-rich water from the ocean bottom towards the surface.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jena |first1=Babula |last2=Narayana Pillai |first2=Anilkumar |date=2019-12-11 |title=Satellite observations of new phytoplankton blooms in the Maud Rise Polynya, Southern Ocean|journal=The Cryosphere Discussions|doi=10.5194/tc-2019-282|s2cid=210145931 |doi-access=free }} Published as {{doi|10.5194/tc-14-1385-2020}}</ref> This influx of nutrients coupled with increased light levels often results in polynya blooms.<ref name=":0" />