Editing Pontoon bridge (section)

==Historic uses==
[[File:1561-Akbar riding the elephant Hawa'I pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (left).jpg|right|thumb|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar the Great]] riding the ferocious elephant Hawa'i, pursuing another elephant across a collapsing bridge of boats (left), in Basawan and Chetar Munti's "Akbar's Adventure with the Elephant Hawa’i", dated 1561]]

===Ancient China===
In [[ancient China]], the [[Zhou dynasty]] Chinese text of the ''[[Shi Jing]]'' (''Book of Odes'') records that [[King Wen of Zhou]] was the first to create a pontoon bridge in the 11th century BC. However, the historian [[Joseph Needham]] has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book (considering how the book had been edited up until the [[Han dynasty]], 202 BC – 220 AD). Although earlier temporary pontoon bridges had been made in China, the first secure and permanent ones (and linked with iron chains) in China came first during the [[Qin dynasty]] (221–207 BC). The later [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279 AD) Chinese statesman [[Cao Cheng]] once wrote of early pontoon bridges in China (spelling of Chinese in [[Wade-Giles]] format):

{{Blockquote|The ''Chhun Chhiu Hou Chuan'' says that in the 58th year of the Zhou King Nan (257 BC), there was invented in the [[Qin State]] the floating bridge (fou chhiao) with which to cross rivers. But the Ta Ming ode in the Shih Ching (Book of Odes) says (of King Wen) that he 'joined boats and made of them a bridge' over the [[Wei River|River Wei]]. Sun Yen comments that this shows that the boats were arranged in a row, like the beams (of a house) with boards laid (transversely) across them, which is just the same as the pontoon bridge of today. Tu Yu also thought this. ... Cheng Khang Chheng says that the Zhou people invented it and used it whenever they had occasion to do so, but the Qin people, to whom they handed it down, were the first to fasten it securely together (for permanent use).<ref>Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 160.</ref>}}

During the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220 AD), the Chinese created a very large pontoon bridge that spanned the width of the [[Yellow River]]. There was also the [[Naval history of China#Early literature|rebellion of Gongsun Shu]] in 33 AD, where a large pontoon bridge with fortified posts was constructed [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|across the Yangtze]] [[Yangtze|River]], eventually broken through with [[ramming]] ships by official Han troops under Commander Cen Peng. During the late Eastern Han into the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, during the [[Battle of Chibi]] in 208 AD, the Prime Minister [[Cao Cao]] once linked the majority of his fleet together with iron chains, which proved to be a fatal mistake once he was thwarted with a fire attack by [[Sun Quan]]'s fleet.

The armies of [[Emperor Taizu of Song]] had a large pontoon bridge built [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|across the Yangtze River]] in 974 in order to secure supply lines during the [[Song dynasty]]'s conquest of the [[Southern Tang]].<ref>Graff, 87.</ref>

On October 22, 1420, [[Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah]], the official diarist of the embassy sent by the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid ruler]] of [[Persia]], [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Mirza Shahrukh]] (r. 1404–1447), to the [[Ming dynasty]] of [[China]] during the reign of the [[Yongle Emperor]] (r. 1402–1424), recorded his sight and travel over a large floating pontoon bridge at [[Lanzhou]] (constructed earlier in 1372) as he crossed the [[Yellow River]] on this day. He wrote that it was:
{{Blockquote|... composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty.<ref>Brook, 38.</ref>}}

===Greco-Roman era===
{{multiple image| align = right | direction = vertical | header = Roman depictions of pontoon bridges, 2nd century AD| header_align = left/right/center | footer = | footer_align = left | image1 = 007 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel VII.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1  = [[Roman legion]]aries marching across a pontoon bridge, a [[Roman sculpture|relief scene]] from [[Trajan's Column|the column]] of Emperor [[Trajan]] (r. 98–117 AD) in Rome, Italy ([[monochrome]], from the photographs by [[Conrad Cichorius]])| image2 = Roman Pontoon Bridge, Column of Marcus Aurelius, Rome, Italy.jpg| width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[Roman Legion]]aries crossing the [[Danube River]] by pontoon bridge, as depicted in [[relief]] on [[Column of Marcus Aurelius|the column]] of Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] (r. 161–180 AD) in Rome, Italy}}
The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] writer [[Herodotus]] in his ''[[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]]'', records several pontoon bridges. Emperor Caligula built a {{convert|2|mi|adj=on}} bridge at [[Baiae]] in 37 AD. For Emperor [[Darius I The Great]] of [[Persia]] (522–485 BC), the Greek [[Mandrocles of Samos]] once engineered a {{convert|2|km|adj=on}} pontoon bridge that stretched across the [[Bosporus]], linking Asia to Europe, so that Darius could pursue the fleeing [[Scythians]] as well as move his army into position in the [[Balkans]] to overwhelm [[Macedon]]. Other spectacular pontoon bridges were [[Xerxes' Pontoon Bridges]] across the [[Hellespont]] by [[Xerxes I]] in 480 BC to transport his huge army into Europe:

{{Blockquote|and meanwhile other chief-constructors proceeded to make the bridges; and thus they made them: They put together fifty-oared galleys and triremes, three hundred and sixty to be under the bridge towards the Euxine Sea, and three hundred and fourteen to be under the other, the vessels lying in the direction of the stream of the Hellespont (though crosswise in respect to the Pontus), to support the tension of the ropes. They placed them together thus, and let down very large anchors, those on the one side towards the Pontus because of the winds which blow from within outwards, and on the other side, towards the West and the Egean, because of the South-East and South Winds. They left also an opening for a passage through, so that any who wished might be able to sail into the Pontus with small vessels, and also from the Pontus outwards. Having thus done, they proceeded to stretch tight the ropes, straining them with wooden windlasses, not now appointing the two kinds of rope to be used apart from one another, but assigning to each bridge two ropes of white flax and four of the papyrus ropes. The thickness and beauty of make was the same for both, but the flaxen ropes were heavier in proportion, and of this rope a cubit weighed one talent. When the passage was bridged over, they sawed up logs of wood, and making them equal in length to the breadth of the bridge they laid them above the stretched ropes, and having set them thus in order they again fastened them above. When this was done, they carried on brushwood, and having set the brushwood also in place, they carried on to it earth; and when they had stamped down the earth firmly, they built a barrier along on each side, so that the baggage-animals and horses might not be frightened by looking out over the sea.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2456 |title=The history of Herodotus — Volume 2 by Herodotus - Project Gutenberg |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=2001-01-01 |access-date=2010-09-02 |archive-date=2011-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805073517/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2456 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}According to John Hale's ''Lords of the Sea'', to celebrate the onset of the [[Sicilian Expedition]] (415 - 413 B.C.), the Athenian general, [[Nicias]], paid builders to engineer an extraordinary pontoon bridge composed of gilded and tapestried ships for a festival that drew [[Athenian]]s and [[Ionians]] across the sea to the sanctuary of [[Apollo]] on [[Delos]]. On the occasion when Nicias was a sponsor, young Athenians paraded across the boats, singing as they walked, to give the armada a spectacular farewell.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lords of the sea : the epic story of the Athenian navy and the birth of democracy|last=Hale|first=John R.|publisher=Viking Penguin|year=2010|isbn=9780143117681|location=New York|pages=188|oclc=276819722}}</ref> [[File:035 Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssäule, Tafel XXXV (Ausschnitt 01).jpg|thumb|A [[relief]] of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] bridge of boats by Cichorius]]
The late [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writer [[Vegetius]], in his work ''[[De Re Militari]]'', wrote:

{{Blockquote|But the most commodious invention is that of the small boats hollowed out of one piece of timber and very light both by their make and the quality of the wood. The army always has a number of these boats upon carriages, together with a sufficient quantity of planks and iron nails. Thus with the help of cables to lash the boats together, a bridge is instantly constructed, which for the time has the solidity of a bridge of stone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/vegetius/dere07.php#05 |title=Digital &#124; Attic - Warfare : De Re Militari Book III: Dispositions for Action |publisher=Pvv.ntnu.no |access-date=2010-09-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224005323/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~madsb/home/war/vegetius/dere07.php#05 |archive-date=2005-12-24 }}</ref>}}

The emperor [[Caligula]] is said to have ridden a horse across a pontoon bridge stretching two miles between [[Baiae]] and [[Puteoli]] while wearing the armour of [[Alexander the Great]] to mock a [[Fortune-teller|soothsayer]] who had claimed he had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". Caligula's construction of the bridge cost a massive sum of money and added to discontent with his rule.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Puente Barcas Sevilla 1851.jpg|thumb|The old ''Puente de barcas'', connected [[Seville]] and [[Triana, Seville|Triana]] from 1171 to 1851]]
During the Middle Ages, pontoons were used alongside regular boats to span rivers during campaigns, or to link communities which lacked resources to build permanent bridges.<ref>[http://www.dsm.museum/MA/medieval_fleet.htm Per Hoffmann, The Medieval Fleet] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524032111/http://www.dsm.museum/MA/medieval_fleet.htm |date=May 24, 2008 }}</ref> The [[Hun]] army of [[Attila]] built a bridge across the [[Nišava]] during the siege of [[Naissus]] in 442 to bring heavy siege towers within range of the city.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=280}} [[Sassanid]] forces crossed the [[Euphrates]] on a quickly built pontoon bridge during the siege of [[Raqqa|Kallinikos]] in 542. The [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]] constructed a fortified bridge across the [[Tiber]] during the [[Sack of Rome (546)|siege of Rome]] in 545 to block [[Byzantine]] general [[Belisarius]]' relief flotillas to the city.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=280}} The [[Avar Khaganate]] forced Syriac-Roman engineers to construct two pontoon bridges across the [[Sava]] during the [[siege of Sirmium]] in 580 to completely surround the city with their troops and siege works.{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=280}}

Emperor [[Heraclius]] crossed the Bosporus on horseback on a large pontoon bridge in 638. The army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] built a pontoon bridge over the Bosporus in 717 during the [[siege of Constantinople (717–718)]]. The [[Carolingian]] army of [[Charlemagne]] constructed a portable pontoon bridge of anchored boats bound together and used it to cross the Danube during campaigns against the Avar Khaganate in the 790s.{{sfn|Bowlus|1995|p=56}} Charlemagne's army built two fortified pontoon bridges across the [[Elbe]] in 789 during a campaign against the Slavic [[Veleti]].{{sfn|Petersen|2013|p=749}} The German army of [[Otto the Great]] employed three pontoon bridges, made from pre-fabricated materials, to rapidly cross the [[Recknitz]] river at the [[Battle on the Raxa]] in 955 and win decisively against the Slavic [[Obotrites]].{{sfn|Bachrach|2014|p=218}} Tenth-Century German [[Ottonian]] [[capitularies]] demanded that royal fiscal estates maintain watertight, river-fordable wagons for purposes of war.{{sfn|Bachrach|2014|p=218}}

The Danish Army of [[Cnut the Great]] completed a pontoon bridge across the [[Helge River]] during the [[Battle of Helgeå]] in 1026. Crusader forces constructed a pontoon bridge across the [[Orontes River|Orontes]] to expedite resupply during the [[siege of Antioch]] in December 1097. According to the chronicles, the earliest floating bridge across the [[Dnieper]] was built in 1115. It was located near [[Vyshhorod]], [[Kiev]]. [[Duchy of Bohemia|Bohemian]] troops under the command of [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] crossed the [[Adige]] in 1157 on a pontoon bridge built in advance by the people of [[Verona]] on orders of the German Emperor.

The French Royal Army of King [[Philip II of France]] constructed a pontoon bridge across the [[Seine]] to seize [[Les Andelys]] from the English at the [[siege of Château Gaillard]] in 1203. During the [[Fifth Crusade]], the [[Crusaders]] built two pontoon bridges across the [[Nile]] at the [[siege of Damietta (1218–1219)]], including one supported by 38 boats. On 27 May 1234, Crusader troops crossed the river [[Ochtum]] in Germany on a pontoon bridge during the fight against the [[Stedingen|Stedingers]]. [[Mongol Empire|Imperial Mongol]] troops constructed a pontoon bridge at the [[Battle of Mohi]] in 1241 to outflank the Hungarian army. The French army of King [[Louis IX of France]] crossed the [[Charente (river)|Charente]] on multiple pontoon bridges during the [[Battle of Taillebourg]] on 21 July 1242. Louis IX had a pontoon bridge built across the Nile to provide unimpeded access to troops and supplies in early March 1250 during the [[Seventh Crusade]].

A [[Republic of Florence|Florentine]] army erected a pontoon bridge across the [[Arno]] during the siege of [[Pisa]] in 1406. The English army of [[John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury]] crossed the [[Oise (river)|Oise]] across a pontoon bridge of portable leather vessels in 1441. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] engineers built a pontoon bridge across the [[Golden Horn]] during the [[siege of Constantinople (1453)]], using over a thousand barrels. The bridge was strong enough to support carts. The Ottoman Army constructed a pontoon bridge during the [[siege of Rhodes (1480)]]. [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] pioneers built a floating bridge across the Adige at the [[Battle of Calliano (1487)]].

===Early modern period===

[[File:Parma's bridge over the Scheldt, built of ships - Schipbrug van Parma over de Schelde.jpg|thumb|Parma's bridge over the Scheldt in 1584, built of ships. 1616 illustration.]]
[[File:Virginia, Pontoon boat used by the Army of the Potomac - NARA - 533332.tif|thumb|Pontoon boat of the U.S. Army, 1864]]
[[File:pontoon bridge 1865.jpg|thumb|Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Virginia, 1865]]
[[File:Bridge of Boats on the Ravi River, Pakistan, 1895.gif|right|thumb|A bridge of boats over the [[Ravi River]] in British India, 1895]]

Before the [[Battle of Worcester]], the final battle of the [[English Civil War]], on 30 August 1651, [[Oliver Cromwell]] delayed the start of the battle to give time for two pontoon bridges to be constructed, one over the [[River Severn]] and the other over the [[River Teme]], close to their confluence. This allowed Cromwell to move his troops West of the Severn during the action on 3 September 1651 and was crucial to the victory by his [[New Model Army]].

The Spanish Army constructed a pontoon bridge at the [[Battle of Río Bueno]] in 1654. However, as the bridge broke apart it all ended in a sound defeat of the Spanish by local [[Huilliche people|Mapuche-Huilliche]] forces.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|chapter-url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=es|chapter=Capítulo XIV|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=347|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2019-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019183409/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Historia militar de Chile|last1=Pinochet Ugarte|first1=Augusto|publisher=Biblioteca Militar|year=1997|last2=Villaroel Carmona|first2=Rafael|last3=Lepe Orellana|first3=Jaime|last4=Fuente-Alba Poblete|first4=J. Miguel|author-link4=Juan Miguel Fuente-Alba|last5=Fuenzalida Helms|first5=Eduardo|edition=3rd|language=es|author-link=Augusto Pinochet|page=79}}</ref>
French general [[Jean Lannes]]'s troops built a pontoon bridge to cross the [[Po river]] prior to the [[Battle of Montebello (1800)]]. [[Napoleon]]'s [[Grande Armée]] made extensive use of pontoon bridges at the battles of [[Battle of Aspern-Essling|Aspern-Essling]] and [[Battle of Wagram|Wagram]] under the supervision of General [[Henri Gatien Bertrand]]. General [[Jean Baptiste Eblé]]'s engineers erected four pontoon bridges in a single night across the Dnieper during the [[Battle of Smolensk (1812)]]. Working in cold water, Eblé's Dutch engineers constructed a 100-meter-long pontoon bridge during the [[Battle of Berezina]] to allow the Grande Armée to escape to safety. During the [[Peninsular War]] the British army transported "tin pontoons"<ref>{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|353}} that were lightweight and could be quickly turned into a floating bridge.

Lt Col [[Charles Pasley]] of the [[Royal School of Military Engineering]] at Chatham [[England]] developed a new form of pontoon which was adopted in 1817 by the British Army. Each pontoon was split into two halves, and the two pointed ends could be connected together in locations with tidal flow. Each half was enclosed, reducing the risk of swamping, and the sections bore multiple lashing points.<ref name="think">{{cite web |url=http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2011/12/uk-military-bridging-floating-equipment/ |title=UK Military Bridging – Floating Equipment |date=11 December 2011 |publisher=thinkdefence.co.uk |access-date=6 December 2014 |archive-date=9 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209045339/http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2011/12/uk-military-bridging-floating-equipment/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The "Palsey pontoon" lasted until 1836 when it was replaced by the "Blanshard pontoon" which comprised tin cylinders 3 feet wide and 22 feet long, placed 11 feet apart, making the pontoon very buoyant.<ref name=think/> The pontoon was tested with the Palsey pontoon on the Medway.<ref>{{cite news |title=CW Pasley & T Blanshard article |newspaper=Army and Navy Chronicle |page=Volumes 3 No 18 page 273}}</ref>

An alternative proposed by Charles Pasley comprised two copper canoes, each 2 foot 8 inches wide and 22 foot long and coming in two sections which were fastened side by side to make a double canoe raft. Copper was used in preference to fast-corroding tin. Lashed at 10 foot centres, these were good for cavalry, infantry and light guns; lashed at 5 foot centres, heavy cannon could cross. The canoes could also be lashed together to form rafts. One cart pulled by two horse carried two half canoes and stores.<ref>{{cite news |title=CW Pasley letter dated 28 June 1836 |newspaper=Army and Navy Chronicle |page=Volumes 3 No 18 page 274}}</ref>

A comparison of pontoons used by each nations army shows that almost all were open boats coming in one, two or even three pieces, mainly wood, some with canvas and rubber protection. Belgium used an iron boat; the United States used cylinders split into three.<ref name=think/>

In 1862, the Union forces commanded by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Ambrose Burnside]] were stuck on the wrong side of the [[Rappahannock River]] at the [[Battle of Fredericksburg]] for lack of the arrival of the pontoon train, resulting in severe losses.<ref name="MJWII">{{cite book |last=Porter |first=Maj Gen Whitworth |title=History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol II |year=1889 |publisher=The Institution of Royal Engineers |location=Chatham}}</ref>{{rp|115}} <ref name="CWPB">{{cite web |url=http://www.wadehamptoncamp.org/pontoon.html |title=Civil War Pontoon Bridges |access-date=2015-10-22 |archive-date=2015-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023213135/http://www.wadehamptoncamp.org/pontoon.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The report of this disaster resulted in Britain forming and training a Pontoon Troop of Engineers.<ref name=MJWII/>{{rp|116–8}}

During the [[American Civil War]] various forms of pontoon bridges were tried and discarded. Wooden pontoons and India rubber bag pontoons shaped like a torpedo proved impractical until the development of cotton-canvas covered pontoons, which required more maintenance but were lightweight and easier to work with and transport.<ref name=CWPB/> From 1864 a lightweight design known as [[Cumberland Pontoons]], a folding boat system, were widely used during the [[Atlanta Campaign]] to transport soldiers and [[artillery]] across rivers in the [[Southern United States|South]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

In 1872 at a military review before [[Queen Victoria]], a pontoon bridge was thrown across the [[River Thames]] at [[Windsor, Berkshire]], where the river was {{convert|250|ft|m}} wide. The bridge, comprising 15 pontoons held by 14 anchors, was completed in 22 minutes and then used to move five battalions of troops across the river. It was removed in 34 minutes the next day.<ref name=MJWII/>{{rp|122–124}}

At [[Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin]], the [[Pile-Pontoon Railroad Bridge]] was constructed in 1874 over the [[Mississippi River]] to carry a railroad track connecting that city with [[Marquette, Iowa]]. Because the river level could vary by as much as 22 feet, the track was laid on an adjustable platform above the pontoons.<ref>Hegeman, J. "The Bridge That Floats", ''[[Trains (magazine)|Trains and Travel]]'' magazine, January 1952</ref> This unique structure remained in use until the railroad was abandoned in 1961, when it was removed.

The British [[Blanshard Pontoon]] stayed in British use until the late 1870s, when it was replaced by the "[[Sir Bindon Blood|Blood]] Pontoon". The Blood Pontoon returned to the open boat system, which enabled use as boats when not needed as pontoons. Side carrying handles helped transportation.<ref name=think/> The new pontoon proved strong enough to support loaded elephants and siege guns as well as military [[traction engine]]s.<ref name="MJWII"/>{{rp|119}}

===Early 20th century===
[[File:3e régiment du génie.jpg|thumb|[[:fr:3e régiment du génie|3e régiment du génie]] (French Wikipedia), The 3rd French Regiment of [[Pioneer (military)|Pioneers]] are building a Pontoon Bridge over the river [[Ourthe]] in [[Chênée]], [[Belgium]] in the 1930s.]]
The British Blood Pontoon MkII, which took the original and cut it into two halves, was still in use with the British Army in 1924.<ref name=think/>

The First World War saw developments on "trestles" to form the link between a river bank and the pontoon bridge. Some infantry bridges in WW1 used any material available, including petrol cans as flotation devices.<ref name=think/>

The [[Kapok Assault Bridge]] for infantry was developed for the British Army, using [[kapok fibre]]-filled canvas float and timber foot walks. America created their own version.<ref name=think/>

[[Folding Boat Equipment]] was developed in 1928 and went through several versions until it was used in WW2 to complement the [[Bailey Pontoon]]. It had a continuous canvas hinge and could fold flat for storage and transportation. When assembled it could carry 15 men and with two boats and some additional toppings it could transport a 3-ton truck. Further upgrades during WW2 resulted in it moving to a Class 9 bridge.<ref name=think/>
<!--The [[London Bridge]] was originally a pontoon bridge.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} -->