Editing Popish Plot (section)

==Events==
===Beginnings===
The fictitious Popish Plot unfolded in a very peculiar fashion. Oates and [[Israel Tonge]], a fanatically anti-Catholic clergyman (who was widely believed to be insane), had written a large manuscript that accused the [[Catholic Church]] authorities of approving the assassination of Charles II. The [[Jesuit]]s in England were to carry out the task. The manuscript also named nearly 100 Jesuits and their supporters who were supposedly involved in this assassination plot; nothing in the document was ever proven to be true.

Oates slipped a copy of the manuscript into the [[wainscot]] of a gallery in the house of the [[physician]] Sir Richard Barker, with whom Tonge was living.{{sfn|Pollock|2005|p=13}} The following day Tonge claimed to find the manuscript and showed it to an acquaintance, Christopher Kirkby, who was shocked and decided to inform the King. Kirkby was a [[chemist]] and a former assistant in Charles' scientific experiments, and Charles prided himself on being approachable to the general public.{{sfn|Marshall|2008}} On 13 August 1678, whilst Charles was out walking in [[St. James's Park]], the chemist informed him of the plot.{{sfn | Brown|1999 | p=}} Charles was dismissive but Kirkby stated that he knew the names of assassins who planned to shoot the King and, if that failed, the Queen's physician, [[Sir George Wakeman]], would poison him. When the King demanded proof, the chemist offered to bring Tonge who knew of these matters personally. The King did agree to see both Kirkby and Tonge that evening, when he gave them a short audience. At this stage, he was already sceptical, but he was apparently not ready to rule out the possibility that there might be a plot of some sort (otherwise, Kenyon argues, he would not have given these two very obscure men a private audience). Charles told Kirkby to present Tonge to [[Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds|Thomas Osborne, Lord Danby]], [[Lord High Treasurer]], then the most influential of the King's ministers.{{sfn|Knights|2008}} Tonge then lied to Danby, saying that he had found the manuscript but did not know the author.

===Investigations===
As Kenyon points out, the government took seriously even the remotest hint of a threat to the King's life or well-being – in the previous spring a Newcastle housewife had been investigated by the Secretary of State simply for saying that "the King gets the curse of many good and faithful wives such as myself for his bad example".{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=61}} Danby, who seems to have believed in the Plot, advised the King to order an investigation. Charles II denied the request, maintaining that the entire affair was absurd. He told Danby to keep the events secret so as not to put the idea of [[regicide]] into people's minds.{{sfn|Pollock|2005|p=73–74}} However, word of the manuscript spread to the Duke of York, who publicly called for an investigation into the matter.{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|pp=68–69}} Even Charles admitted that given the sheer number of allegations, he could not say positively that none of them was true, and reluctantly agreed. During the investigation, Oates' name arose. From the first, the King was convinced that Oates was a liar, and Oates did not help his case by claiming to have met the regent of [[Spain]], [[John of Austria the Younger|Don John of Austria]]. Questioned by the King, who had met Don John in [[Brussels]] in 1656, it became obvious that Oates had no idea what he looked like.{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=80}} The King had a long and frank talk with [[Paul Barillon]], the French ambassador, in which he made it clear that he did not believe that there was a word of truth in the plot, and that Oates was "a wicked man"; but that by now he had come round to the view that there must be an investigation, particularly with Parliament about to reassemble.{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=84}}

On 6 September Oates was summoned before the magistrate [[Edmund Berry Godfrey|Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey]] to swear an oath prior to his testimony before the King. Oates claimed he had been at a [[Jesuit]] meeting held at the White Horse Tavern in the [[Strand, London]], on April 24, 1678.{{sfn|Williams|1958|pp=104-118}} According to Oates, the purpose of that meeting was to discuss the assassination of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. The meeting discussed a variety of methods which included: stabbing by Irish ruffians, shooting by two Jesuit soldiers, or poisoning by the Queen's physician, [[George Wakeman|Sir George Wakeman]].{{sfn|Williams|1958|pp=104-118}}

Oates and Tonge were brought before the [[Privy Council]] later that month, and the Council interrogated Oates for several hours; Tonge, who was generally believed to be mad, was simply laughed at, but Oates made a much better impression on the council. On 28 September Oates made 43 allegations against various members of Catholic [[religious order]]s – including 541 Jesuits – and numerous Catholic nobles. He accused [[Sir George Wakeman]] and [[Edward Colman (martyr)|Edward Colman]], the secretary to [[Mary of Modena]] [[Duchess of York]], of planning the assassination. Colman was found to have corresponded with the French [[Jesuit]] Fr Ferrier, confessor to [[Louis XIV]], outlining his grandiose schemes for obtaining a dissolution of the present Parliament, in the hope of its replacement by a new and pro-French Parliament; in the wake of this revelation he was condemned to death for [[treason]]. Wakeman was later acquitted. Despite Oates' unsavoury reputation, the councillors were impressed by his confidence, his grasp of detail and his remarkable memory. A turning point came when he was shown five letters, supposedly written by well-known priests and giving details of the plot, which he was suspected of forging: Oates "at a single glance" named each of the alleged authors. At this the council were "amazed" and began to give much greater credence to the plot; apparently it did not occur to them that Oates' ability to recognise the letters made it ''more'' likely, rather than less, that he had forged them.{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=79}}

Others Oates accused included Dr. William Fogarty, [[Archbishop Peter Talbot]] of [[Dublin]], [[Samuel Pepys]] and [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse]]. The list grew to 81 accusations. Oates was given a squad of soldiers and he began to round up Jesuits.

===Godfrey's murder===
The allegations gained little credence until the murder of [[Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey]], a magistrate and strong supporter of Protestantism, to whom Oates had made his first depositions. His disappearance on 12 October 1678, the finding of his mutilated body on 17 October, and the subsequent failure to solve his murder sent the Protestant population into an uproar. He had been strangled and run through with his own sword. Many of his supporters blamed the murder on Catholics. As Kenyon commented, "Next day, the 18th, James wrote to [[William III of England|William of Orange]] that Godfrey's death was already 'laid against the Catholics', and even he, never the most realistic of men, feared that 'all these things happening together will cause a great flame in the Parliament'."{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=78}} The Lords asked King Charles to banish all Catholics from a radius of {{convert|20|miles|km|0}} around London, which Charles granted on 30 October 1678, but it was too late because London was already in a panic, which was long remembered as "Godfrey's autumn".

Oates seized on Godfrey's murder as proof that the plot was true. The murder of Godfrey and the discovery of Edward Coleman's letters{{sfn|Barclay|2004}} provided a solid basis of facts for the lies of Oates and the other informers who followed him. Oates was called to testify before the House of Lords and the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] on 23 October 1678. He testified that he had seen a number of contracts signed by the Superior General of the Jesuits. The contracts appointed officers that would command an army of Catholic supporters to kill Charles II and establish a Catholic monarch.{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|pp=78–81}} To this day, no one is certain who killed Sir Edmund Godfrey, and most historians regard the mystery as insoluble. Oates' associate [[William Bedloe]] denounced the silversmith [[Miles Prance]], who in turn named three working men, Berry, Green and Hill, who were tried, convicted and executed in February 1679; but it rapidly became clear that they were completely innocent, and that Prance, who had been subjected to [[torture]], named them simply to gain his freedom (Kenyon suggests that he may have chosen men against whom he had a personal grudge, or he may simply have chosen them because they were the first Catholic acquaintances of his who came to mind).

===The Plot before Parliament===
King Charles, aware of the unrest, returned to London and summoned [[List of Parliaments of England#Parliaments of Charles II|Parliament]]. He remained unconvinced by Oates' accusations, but Parliament and public opinion forced him to order an investigation. Parliament truly believed that this plot was real, declaring, "This House is of opinion that there hath been and still is a damnable and hellish plot contrived and carried out by the popish recusants for assigning and murdering the King."{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|pp=84–85}} Tonge was called to testify on 25 October 1678 where he gave evidence on the Great Fire and, later, rumours of another similar plot. On 1 November, both Houses ordered an investigation in which a Frenchman, Choqueux, was discovered to be storing [[gunpowder]] in a house nearby. This caused a panic, until it was discovered that he was simply the King's [[firework]] maker.

===Trial of the Five Catholic Lords===
Oates became more daring and accused five Catholic lords ([[William Herbert, 1st Marquess of Powis]], [[William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford]], [[Henry Arundell, 3rd Baron Arundell of Wardour]], [[William Petre, 4th Baron Petre]] and [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse]]) of involvement in the plot. The King dismissed the accusations as absurd, pointing out that Belasyse was so afflicted with [[gout]] that he could hardly stand, while Arundell and Stafford, who had not been on speaking terms for 25 years, were most unlikely to be intriguing together; but [[Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury]] had the lords arrested and sent to the [[Tower of London|Tower]] on 25 October 1678. Seizing upon the anti-Catholic tide, Shaftesbury publicly demanded that the King's brother, James, be excluded from the [[royal succession]], prompting the [[Exclusion crisis]]. On 5 November 1678, people burned effigies of the [[Pope]] instead of those of [[Guy Fawkes]].{{sfn|Williams|1958|pp=104-118}} At the end of the year, the parliament passed a bill, a second [[Test Act]], excluding Catholics from membership of both Houses (a law not repealed until 1829).

On 1 November 1678, the House of Commons resolved to proceed by [[Impeachment in the United Kingdom|impeachment]] against "the five popish lords". On 23 November all Arundell's papers were seized and examined by the Lords' committee; on 3 December the five peers were arraigned for [[high treason]]; and on 5 December the Commons announced the impeachment of Arundell. A month later Parliament was dissolved, and the proceedings were interrupted. In March 1679, it was resolved by both houses that the dissolution had not invalidated the motions for the impeachment. On 10 April 1679 Arundell and three of his companions (Belasyse was too ill to attend) were brought to the House of Lords to put in pleas against the articles of impeachment. Arundell complained of the uncertainty of the charges, and implored the peers to have them "reduced to competent certainty" but on 24 April this plea was voted irregular, and on 26 April the prisoners were again brought to the House of Lords and ordered to amend their pleas. Arundell replied by briefly declaring himself not guilty.

The [[impeachment trial]] was fixed for 13 May, but a quarrel between the two houses as to points of procedure, and the legality of admitting the bishops as judges in a capital trial, followed by a dissolution, delayed its commencement until 30 November 1680. On that day it was decided to proceed first against Lord Stafford, who was condemned to death on 7 December and beheaded on 29 December.{{sfn|Holmes |2004}} His trial, compared to the other Plot trials, was reasonably fair, but as in all cases of alleged treason at that date the absence of defence counsel was a fatal handicap (this was finally remedied in 1695), and while Oates' credit had been seriously damaged, the evidence of the principal prosecution witnesses, Turberville and Dugdale, struck even fair-minded observers like [[John Evelyn]] as being credible enough. Stafford, denied the services of counsel, failed to exploit several inconsistencies in Tuberville's testimony, which a good lawyer might have turned to his client's advantage.

On 30 December, the evidence against Arundell and his three fellow prisoners was ordered to be in readiness, but their public proceedings stopped. In fact, the death of William Bedloe left the prosecution in serious difficulties, since one protection for a person accused of treason, that there must be two eyewitnesses to an overt act of treason, was observed scrupulously, and only Oates claimed to have any hard evidence against the remaining Lords. Lord Petre died in the Tower in 1683. His companions remained there until 12 February 1684 when an appeal to the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|Court of King's Bench]] to release them on bail was successful. On 21 May 1685 Arundell, Powis, and Belasyse came to the House of Lords to present petitions for the annulling of the charges and on the following day the petitions were granted. On 1 June 1685, their liberty was formally assured on the ground that the witnesses against them had perjured themselves, and on 4 June the [[bill of attainder]] against Stafford was reversed.{{sfn|Lee|1885}}

===Height of the hysteria===
[[File:Houghton EB65 A100 680s4 - Popish Plot, solemn mock procession, 1679.jpg|thumb|Broadside, "The Solemn Mock Procession of the POPE, Cardinalls, Iesuits, Fryers etc: through y<sup>e</sup> City of London, November y<sup>e</sup> 17th. 1679."]]
On 24 November 1678, Oates claimed the Queen was working with the King's physician to poison him and enlisted the aid of "Captain" [[William Bedloe]], a notorious member of the London underworld. The King personally interrogated Oates, caught him out in a number of inaccuracies and lies, and ordered his arrest. However, a few days later, with the threat of constitutional crisis, Parliament forced the release of Oates.

Hysteria continued: [[Roger North (lawyer)|Roger North]] wrote that it was as though "the very Cabinet of Hell has been opened". Noblewomen carried firearms if they had to venture outdoors at night. Houses were searched for hidden guns, mostly without any significant result. Some Catholic widows tried to ensure their safety by marrying [[Anglican]] widowers. The House of Commons was searched – without result – in the expectation of a second [[Gunpowder Plot]].

Anyone even suspected of being Catholic was driven out of London and forbidden to be within {{convert|10|mi|km|spell=in}} of the city. [[William Staley]], a young Catholic banker, made a drunken threat against the King; within 10 days he was tried, convicted of plotting treason and executed. In calmer times, Staley's offence would probably have resulted in him being [[bound over]], a mild punishment. Oates, for his part, received a state apartment in [[Whitehall]] and an annual allowance. He soon presented new allegations, claiming assassins intended to shoot the King with silver bullets so the wound would not heal. The public invented their own stories, including a tale that the sound of digging had been heard near the House of Commons and rumours of a French invasion on the [[Isle of Purbeck]]. The evidence of Oates and Bedloe was supplemented by other informers; some like [[Thomas Dangerfield]], were notorious criminals, but others like [[Stephen Dugdale]], Robert Jenison and [[Edward Turberville]] were men of good social standing who from motives of greed or revenge denounced innocent victims, and by their apparently plausible evidence made the Plot seem more credible. Dugdale in particular made such a good initial impression that even the King for the first time "began to think that there might be somewhat in the Plot".{{sfn|Kenyon|1985|p=158}}

===Waning of the hysteria===
However, public opinion began to turn against Oates. As Kenyon points out, the steady protestations of innocence by all of those who were executed eventually took hold in the public mind. Outside London, the priests who died were almost all venerable and popular members of the community, and there was widespread public horror at their executions. Even Lord Shaftesbury came to regret the executions and is said{{by whom|date=March 2023}} to have quietly ordered the release of particular priests, whose families he knew. Accusations of plotting in [[Yorkshire]] (the "Barnbow Plot"), where prominent local Catholics like [[Sir Thomas Gascoigne, 2nd Baronet]] were accused of signing "the Bloody Oath of Secrecy", were unsuccessful because their Protestant neighbours (who sat on the juries) refused to convict them. A [[grand jury]] at Westminster rejected the plotting charge against [[Sir John Fitzgerald, 2nd Baronet]] in 1681.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/fitzgerald-sir-john-a3165 |title=Fitzgerald, Sir John |last=Bergin |first=John |date=October 2009 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |publisher= |access-date=1 February 2023 |quote=}}</ref> Judges gradually began to take a more impartial line, ruling that it was not treason for a Catholic to advocate the conversion of England to the old faith, nor to give financial support to [[religious house]]s (the latter was a criminal offence, just not treason). The supposed plot gained some credence in [[Ireland]], where the two Catholic Archbishops, [[Oliver Plunkett|Plunkett]] and [[Peter Talbot (bishop)|Talbot]], were the principal victims, but not in [[Scotland]].

Having had at least twenty-two innocent men executed (the last being [[Oliver Plunkett]], the Catholic [[Archbishop of Armagh (Roman Catholic)|Archbishop of Armagh]] on 1 July 1681), [[Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|Chief Justice]] [[William Scroggs]] began to declare people innocent and the King began to devise countermeasures. The King, who was notably tolerant of religious differences and generally inclined to clemency, was embittered at the number of innocent men he had been forced to condemn; possibly thinking of the [[Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660]] ([[12 Cha. 2]]. c. 11), under which he had pardoned many of his former opponents in 1660, he remarked that his people had never previously had cause to complain of his mercy. At the trial of Sir George Wakeman, and several priests who were tried with him, Scroggs virtually ordered the jury to acquit all of them, and despite public uproar, the King made it clear that he approved of Scroggs' conduct. On 31 August 1681, Oates was told to leave his apartments in Whitehall, but remained undeterred and even denounced the King and the Duke of York. He was arrested for [[sedition]], sentenced to a fine of £100,000 and thrown into prison.

When James II acceded to the throne in 1685 he had Oates tried on two charges of perjury. The Bench which tried him was presided over by the formidable [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys]], who conducted the trial in such a manner that Oates had no hope of acquittal, and the jury brought in the expected guilty verdict. The death penalty was not available for perjury and Oates was sentenced to be stripped of clerical dress, whipped through London twice, and imprisoned for life and pilloried every year (the penalties were so severe that it has been argued that Jeffreys was trying to kill Oates by ill-treatment). Oates spent the next three years in prison. At the accession of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] in 1689, he was pardoned and granted a pension of £260 a year, but his reputation did not recover. The pension was suspended, but in 1698 was restored and increased to £300 a year. Oates died on 12 or 13 July 1705, quite forgotten by the public which had once called him a hero.

Of the other informers, James II was content merely to fine Miles Prance for his perjury, on the grounds that he was a Catholic and had been coerced by threats of torture into informing. Thomas Dangerfield was subjected to the same savage penalties as Oates; on returning from his first session in the [[pillory]], Dangerfield died of an eye injury after a scuffle with the barrister Robert Francis, who was hanged for his murder. Bedloe, Turbervile and Dugdale had all died of natural causes while the Plot was still officially regarded as true.