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Probiotic
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== Side effects == The manipulation of the gut microbiota is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions.<ref name="DurchscheinPetritsch2016" /> Though probiotics are considered safe, some have concerns about their safety in certain cases.<ref name="DurchscheinPetritsch2016" /><ref name="BoyleRobinsBrowne2006">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML |year=2006 |title=Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks? |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |type=Review |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=1256β1264; quiz 1446β1447 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256 |pmid=16762934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some people, such as those with [[immunodeficiency]], [[short bowel syndrome]], [[central venous catheter]]s, and [[cardiac valve disease]], and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events.<ref name="DoronSnydman2015" /> In severely ill people with [[inflammatory bowel disease]], a risk exists for the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the internal organs (bacterial translocation) as a consequence of [[bacteremia]], which can cause adverse health consequences.<ref name="DurchscheinPetritsch2016" /> Rarely, consumption of probiotics by children with lowered immune system function or who are already critically ill may result in bacteremia or [[fungemia]] (i.e., bacteria or fungi in the blood), which can lead to [[sepsis]], a potentially fatal disease.<ref name="SinghiKumar2016" /> Probiotic supplements typically contain between one and ten billion [[colony-forming unit]]s (CFUs) per dose.<ref name=aleman/> A higher number of CFUs does not provide additional probiotic effects, but may have unintended consequences of causing digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.<ref name="aleman">{{Cite journal |last1=Aleman |first1=Ricardo S. |last2=Yadav |first2=Ajitesh |date=2023-12-26 |title=Systematic Review of Probiotics and Their Potential for Developing Functional Nondairy Foods |journal=Applied Microbiology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=47β69 |doi=10.3390/applmicrobiol4010004 |doi-access=free |issn=2673-8007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dore |first1=Maria Pina |last2=BibbΓ² |first2=Stefano |last3=Fresi |first3=Gianni |last4=Bassotti |first4=Gabrio |last5=Pes |first5=Giovanni Mario |date=2019-12-02 |title=Side Effects Associated with Probiotic Use in Adult Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials |journal=Nutrients |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2913 |doi=10.3390/nu11122913 |doi-access=free |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=6950558 |pmid=31810233}}</ref> ''[[Lactobacillus]]'' species have been suggested to contribute to obesity in humans, but no evidence of this relationship has been found.<ref name="LahtinenDavis2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lahtinen SJ, Davis E, Ouwehand AC |year=2012 |title=Lactobacillus species causing obesity in humans: where is the evidence? |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895849 |journal=Beneficial Microbes |type=Review |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=171β174 |doi=10.3920/BM2012.0041 |pmid=22968407 |access-date=2020-07-01 |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618204308/https://zenodo.org/record/895849 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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