Editing Problem gambling (section)

===Biology===
Evidence indicates that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinewsnow.com/health/healthy/Illinois-Institute-for-Addiction-Recovery-33514079.html|title=Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery – WEEK News 25 – News, Sports, Weather – Peoria, Illinois|access-date=June 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505003909/http://www.cinewsnow.com/health/healthy/Illinois-Institute-for-Addiction-Recovery-33514079.html|archive-date=May 5, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been observed that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of [[norepinephrine]] than normal gamblers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinewsnow.com/health/healthy/Illinois-Institute-for-Addiction-Recovery-33514079.html |title=We Put Troubled Lives Back Together |work=CINewsNow.com |publisher=Broadcast Interactive |access-date=May 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629062544/http://www.cinewsnow.com/health/healthy/Illinois-Institute-for-Addiction-Recovery-33514079.html |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> New studies regarding this link show that norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Roy, Alec |author2=Adinoff, Brian |author3=Roehrich, Laurie |author4=Lamparski, Danuta |author5=Custer, Robert |author6=Lorenz, Valerie |author7=Barbaccia, Maria |author8=Guidotti, Alessandro |author9=Costa, Erminio |author10=Linnoila, Markku |date=April 1988 |title=Pathological Gambling: A Psychobiological Study |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=369–373 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800280085011 |pmid=2451490}}</ref> Studies have compared pathological gamblers to substance addicts, concluding that addicted gamblers display more physical symptoms during withdrawal.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Griffiths |first=Mark |date=November 2003 |url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-16/edition-11/action-plan-problem-gambling |title=Action plan: Problem Gambling |journal=The Psychologist |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=582–585<!--link to PDF: https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/getfile/2620--><!--PDF retrieved: https://storage101.lon3.clouddrive.com/v1/MossoCloudFS_3dd7c8a6-c48e-4c01-ba0b-52a4b168635f/thepsychologist/nov03gri.pdf?temp_url_sig=0af36e5a3c64501d6ac2d25d76cd2fecd1b18183&temp_url_expires=1571695032-->}}</ref> Deficiencies in [[serotonin]] might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction. 

The findings in one review indicated that behavioral disorders such as problem gambling and substance use disorder are closely linked; sensitization theory indicates that these disorders are marked by a compulsive drive towards unhealthy behaviors and an inability to control against them.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Functional Anatomy of Impulse Control Disorders |journal=Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports |date=2013 |issn=1528-4042 |pmc=3779310 |pmid=23963609 |volume=13 |issue=10 |pages=386 |doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0386-8 |first1=Catharina C. |last1=Probst |first2=Thilo |last2=van Eimeren}}</ref> [[Dopamine dysregulation syndrome]] has been observed in the aforementioned theory in people with regard to such activities as gambling.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Natural Rewards, Neuroplasticity, and Non-Drug Addictions|journal= Neuropharmacology|date= 2011|issn= 0028-3908|pmc= 3139704|pmid= 21459101|pages= 1109–1122|volume= 61|issue= 7|doi= 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010|first= Christopher M.|last= Olsen}}</ref> A limited study was presented at a conference in Berlin, suggesting opioid release differs in problem gamblers from the general population, but in a very different way from people with a substance use disorder.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shweta Iyer |date=October 18, 2014 |title=Gambling Addicts' Brains Don't Have The Same Opioid Systems As Others |url=https://www.medicaldaily.com/gambling-addicts-brains-dont-have-same-opioid-systems-others-307392 |access-date=September 3, 2015}} (source: Mick I, et al. Endogenous opioid release in pathological gamblers after an oral amphetamine challenge. At The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology Congress. 2014.)</ref>

Some medical authors suggest that the biomedical model of problem gambling may be unhelpful because it focuses only on individuals. These authors point out that social factors may be a far more important determinant of gambling behavior than brain chemicals, and they suggest that a social model may be more useful in understanding the issue.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Moscrop |first1= A. |title= Medicalisation, morality, and addiction: Why we should be wary of problem gamblers in primary care |doi= 10.3399/bjgp11X613197 |journal= British Journal of General Practice |volume= 61 |issue= 593 |pages= 836–838 |year= 2011 |pmid= 22137420 |pmc= 3223781}}</ref> For example, an apparent increase in problem gambling in the UK may be better understood as a consequence of changes in legislation which came into force in 2007 and enabled [[casino]]s, [[bookmaker]]s, and [[Online gambling|online betting]] sites to advertise on TV and radio for the first time and which eased restrictions on the opening of betting shops and online gambling sites.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moran E. Letter: Gambling with lives |publisher=Guardian |date=21 April 2009 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/apr/21/letters-gambling-act |access-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref>

There have also been studies that showcase factors like gender and age can affect how a person is affected by gambling. Where the probability of addiction can be 11% stronger in men than in women, and the age range of 19-29 has the highest risk of developing problem gambling or pathological gambling habits.<ref>Potenza, Dr. Mark, (2003), [https://campuspress.yale.edu/ledger/the-psychology-of-gambling/ The Psychology of Gambling], Yale.edu</ref>