Editing Profession (section)

==Autonomy==
Professions tend to be autonomous, which means they have a high degree of control of their own affairs: "professionals are autonomous insofar as they can make independent judgments about their work".<ref>Bayles, Michael D. ''Professional Ethics''. Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1981.</ref> This usually means "the freedom to exercise their professional judgement."<ref>[http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/20archives/a21/ "The World Medical Association Declaration of Madrid on Professional Autonomy and Self-Regulation", 1987.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205094738/http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/20archives/a21/ |date=5 December 2010 }} Revised in France in 2005, rescinded and archived in India in 2009, and rewritten and adopted in India in 2009 as [http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/r4/index.html "WMA Declaration of Madrid on Professionally-led Regulation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827010024/http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/r4/index.html |date=27 August 2012 }}</ref>

However, it also has other meanings. "Professional autonomy is often described as a claim of professionals that has to serve primarily their own interests...this professional autonomy can only be maintained if members of the profession subject their activities and decisions to a critical evaluation by other members of the profession."<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/A:1009925423036 |pmid=11142442 |year=2000 |last1=Hoogland |first1=Jan |title=Professional autonomy and the normative structure of medical practice |journal=Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=457–75 |last2=Jochemsen |first2=Henk |s2cid=10581304 |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6632369/Hoogland00professional.pdf }}</ref> The concept of autonomy can therefore be seen to embrace not only judgement, but also self-interest and a continuous process of critical evaluation of ethics and procedures from within the profession itself.

One major implication of professional autonomy is the traditional ban on corporate practice of the professions, especially accounting, architecture, engineering, medicine, and law. This means that in many jurisdictions, these professionals cannot do business through regular for-profit corporations and raise capital rapidly through [[initial public offering|initial public offerings or flotation]]s. Instead, if they wish to practice collectively they must form special business entities such as partnerships or [[professional corporation]]s, which feature (1) reduced protection against liability for professional negligence and (2) severe limitations or outright prohibitions on ownership by non-professionals. The obvious implication of this is that all equity owners of the professional business entity must be professionals themselves. This avoids the possibility of a non-professional owner of the firm telling a professional how to do his or her job and thereby protects professional autonomy. The idea is that the ''only'' non-professional person who should be telling the professional what to do is the ''client''; in other words, professional autonomy preserves the integrity of the two-party professional-client relationship. Above this client-professional relationship the profession requires the professional to use their autonomy to follow the rules of ethics that the profession requires. But because professional business entities are effectively locked out of the stock market, they tend to grow relatively slowly compared to public corporations.