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== Protection of biodiversity == The effectiveness of protected areas to protect biodiversity can be estimated by comparing population changes over time. Such an analysis found that the abundance of 2,239 terrestrial [[vertebrate]] populations changed at slower rate in protected areas. On average, vertebrate populations declined five times more slowly within protected areas (β0.4% per year) than at similar sites lacking protection (β1.8% per year).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Justin Nowakowski |first1=A. |last2=Watling |first2=James I. |last3=Murray |first3=Alexander |last4=Deichmann |first4=Jessica L. |last5=Akre |first5=Thomas S. |last6=MuΓ±oz Brenes |first6=Carlos L. |last7=Todd |first7=Brian D. |last8=McRae |first8=Louise |last9=Freeman |first9=Robin |last10=Frishkoff |first10=Luke O. |date=October 2023 |title=Protected areas slow declines unevenly across the tetrapod tree of life |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06562-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=622 |issue=7981 |pages=101β106 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06562-y |pmid=37758956 |bibcode=2023Natur.622..101J |issn=1476-4687}}</ref>
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